Wasserstoff Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
GERUCHLOSES, FARBLOSES KOMPRIMIERTES GAS.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Das Gas mischt sich leicht mit Luft. Bildung explosionsf?higer Gemische. Das Gas ist leichter als Luft.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Erhitzen kann zu heftiger Verbrennung oder Explosion führen. Reagiert heftig mitLuft, Sauerstoff, Halogenenund starken Oxidationsmitteln. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr! Metallkatalysatoren wie Platin und Nickel begünstigen erheblich diese Reaktionen.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: Erstickungsgefahr durch Sauerstoffverdr?ngung. (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Eine gesundheitssch?dliche Konzentration des Gases in der Luft wird beim Entweichen aus dem Beh?lter sehr schnell erreicht.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Erstickungsgefahr durch Sauerstoffverdr?ngung. s. Anm.
LECKAGE
Zündquellen entfernen. Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Belüftung. Gas mit Wassersprühstrahl niederschlagen.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R12:Hochentzündlich.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S9:Beh?lter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S33:Ma?nahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
H2. Farbloses, in Wasser unlösliches, geruchloses Gas, viel leichter als Luft.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Knallgasbildung mit Sauerstoff (Luft) und Chlor. Erhöhte Reaktionsfähigkeit mit Acetylen, Fluor, Stickstofftetroxid, Metalloxiden und Perchloraten. Leichtentzündlich.
Nicht giftig; durch Anreicherung in der Atemluft kann der Sauerstoff verdrängt werden, sodaß Erstickungsgefahr besteht. Das Einatmen des Gases führt zu Schläfrigkeit.
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Behälter vor Umfallen, Beschädigung und Erwärmung schützen. Getrennt von brandfördernden Stoffen lagern. Druckgasflaschen dürfen nicht im Labor gelagert werden. Flaschentransport nur mit aufgeschraubter Schutzkappe und nur auf Flaschenwagen.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Explosionsgefahr: intensive Lüftung, Zündquellen vermeiden. In Räumen auch Erstickungsgefahr. Gasaustritt beseitigen.
Kohlendioxid, Löschpulver, Wasser.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft, bei Atemstillstand Atemspende oder Gerätebeatmung. Arzt!
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Druckgasflasche in das Stahlflaschenlager zurückgeben.
Beschreibung
Hydrogen is colorless, odorless, tasteless,
flammable, and nontoxic. It exists as a gas at
ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures.
It is the lightest gas known, with a density
approximately 0.07% that of air. Hydrogen is
present in the atmosphere occurring in concentrations of only about 0.5 ppm by volume at
lower altitudes.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Hydrogen,H2, is a tasteless,colorless, odorless gas that may be liquified by cooling under pressure. Hydrogen is used in welding, in the production of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals, for the hydrogenation of oil and coal,and for the reduction of metallic oxide ores.It is obtained by the dissociation of water and as a by-product in the electrolysis of brine solutions. Molecular hydrogen at ambient temperature is relatively innocuous to most metals.However, atomic hydrogen is detrimental to most metals.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Hydrogen’s atom is the simplest of all the elements, and the major isotope (H-1) consists ofonly one proton in its nucleus and one electron in its K shell. The density of atomic hydrogenis 0.08988 g/l, and air’s density is 1.0 g/l (grams per liter). Its melting point is –255.34°C,and its boiling point is –252.87°C (absolute zero = –273.13°C or –459.4°F). Hydrogen hastwo oxidation states, +1 and –1.
Isotopes
The major isotope of hydrogen has just one proton and no neutrons in itsnucleus (
1H-1).Deuterium (
2D or H-2) has a nucleus consisting of one proton plus one neutron. Tritium (
3T or H-3), another variety of heavy water (TOT),has nuclei consisting of one proton and two neutrons.
Origin of Name
Hydrogen was named after the Greek term hydro genes, which means
“water former.”
Charakteristisch
H
2 is a diatomic gas molecule composed of two tightly joined atoms that strongly sharetheir outer electrons. It is an odorless, tasteless, and colorless gas lighter than air. Hydrogenis included in group 1 with the alkali metals because it has an oxidation state of +1 as dothe other alkali metals. Experiments during the 1990s at the Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory (LLNL), in Livermore, California, lowered the temperature of H
2 to almostabsolute zero. By exploding gunpowder in a long tube that contained gaseous hydrogen, thegas that was under pressure of over one million times the normal atmospheric pressure wascompressed into a liquid. This extreme pressure on the very cold gas converted it to liquidhydrogen (almost to the point of solid metallic hydrogen), in which state it did act as a metaland conduct electricity.Hydrogen gas is slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Although it is noncorrosive,it can permeate solids better than air. Hydrogen has excellent adsorption capabilities in theway it attaches and holds to the surface of some substances. (Adsorption is not the same asabsorption with a “b,” in which one substance intersperses another.
Verwenden
In oxy-hydrogen blowpipe (welding) and limelight; autogenous welding of steel and other metals; manufacture of ammonia, synthetic methanol, HCl, NH3; hydrogenation of oils, fats, naphthalene, phenol; in balloons and airships; in metallurgy to reduce oxides to metals; in petroleum refining; in thermonuclear reactions (ionizes to form protons, deuterons (D) or tritons (T)). liquid hydrogen used in bubble chambers to study subatomic particles; as a coolant.
Vorbereitung Methode
Hydrogen gas may be produced by several methods. It is commerciallyobtained by electrolysis of water. It also is made industrially by the reactionof steam with methane or coke:
CH
4 + H
2O → CO + 3H
2
C + H
2O → CO + H
2
CO + H
2O → CO
2 + H
2
The reactions are carried out at about 900 to 1,000°C and catalyzed by nick-el, nickel-alumina, or rhodium-alimina catalysts. In the laboratory, hydrogenmay be prepared by the reaction of zinc or iron with dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl
2 + H
2
It also may be prepared by passing water vapor over heated iron:
H
2O + Fe → FeO + H
2
Also, it can be generated by reaction of metal hydrides with water:
CaH
2 + 2H
2O → Ca(OH)
2 + 2H
2
Another method of preparation involves heating aluminum, zinc, or otheractive metals in dilute sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide:
2Al + 6NaOH → 2Na
3AlO
3 + 3H
2
Zn + 2KOH → K
2ZnO
2 + H
2
Definition
ChEBI: An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas. Hydrogen is easily ignited. Once ignited Hydrogen burns with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. The vapors are lighter than air. Hydrogen is flammable over a wide range of vapor/air concentrations. Hydrogen is not toxic but is a simple asphyxiate by the displacement of oxygen in the air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Hydrogen is used to make other chemicals and in oxyHydrogen welding and cutting.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Highly flammable.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Finely divided platinum and some other metals will cause a mixture of Hydrogen and oxygen to explode at ordinary temperatures. If a jet of Hydrogen in air impinges on platinum black the metal surface gets hot enough to ignite the gases, [Mellor 1:325(1946-1947)]. Explosive reactions occur upon ignition of mixtures of nitrogen trifluoride with good reducing agents such as ammonia, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide or methane. Mixtures of Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or methane and oxygen difluoride are exploded when a spark is discharged, [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:192(1956)]. An explosion occurred upon heating 1'-pentol and 1''-pentol under Hydrogen pressure. Hydrogen appears that this acetylenic compound under certain conditions suddenly breaks down to form elemental carbon, Hydrogen, and carbon monoxide with the release of sufficient energy to develop pressures in excess of 1000 atmospheres, [AIChE Loss Prevention, p1, (1967)].
Hazard
Hydrogen gas is very explosive when mixed with oxygen gas and touched off by a spark or flame. Many hydrides of hydrogen are dangerous and can become explosive if not stored and handled correctly. Many organic and hydrocarbon compounds are essential for life to exist, but just as many are poisonous, carcinogenic, or toxic to living organisms.
Health Hazard
Hydrogen is practically nontoxic. In high concentrations this gas is a simple
asphyxiant, and ultimate loss of consciousness may occur when oxygen
Brandgefahr
EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
Flammability and Explosibility
Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas that burns with an almost invisible flame and
low heat radiation. Hydrogen forms explosive mixtures with air from 4 to 75% by
volume. These explosive mixtures of hydrogen with air (or oxygen) can be ignited
by a number of finely divided metals (such as common hydrogenation catalysts). In
the event of fire, shut off the flow of gas and extinguish with carbon dioxide, dry
chemical, or halon extinguishers. Warming of liquid hydrogen contained in an
enclosed vessel to above its critical temperature can cause bursting of that container.
Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung
Hydrogen, a non-metallic element, is a colorless odorless, tasteless gas occurring in water combined with oxygen, and in all organic compounds (for example, hydrocarbons and carbohydrates). It is produced by electrolysis of water and is used in the Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia - a major raw material for nitrogenous fertilizers.
Large quantities of hydrogen are utilized in catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils to make solid fats and petroleum refining. Large quantities of hydrogen are also used as a propulsion fuel for rockets in conjunction with oxygen or fluorine. Being flammable, it is used with helium for filling balloons and airships.
Hydrogen is the lightest of all the elements holding position in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. It is abundant in the universe. There are three hydrogen isotopes namely hydrogen- 1, deuterium and tritium. The first two are naturally occurring stable isotopes and the third being radioactive, is made artificially.
Materials Uses
Hydrogen gas is noncorrosive and may be contained
at ambient temperatures by most common
metals used in installations designed to have
sufficient strength for the working pressures
involved. Equipment and piping built to use
hydrogen should be selected with consideration
of the possibility of embrittlement, particularly
at elevated pressures and temperatures above
450°F (232°C). A Nelson curve should be consulted
to select the proper alloys.
Metals used for liquid hydrogen equipment
must have satisfactory properties at very low
operating temperatures. Ordinary carbon steels
lose their ductility at liquid hydrogen temperatures
and are considered too brittle for this
service. Suitable materials include austenitic
chromium-nickel steels (stainless steels), copper,
copper silicon alloys, aluminum, Monel,
and some brasses and bronzes.
Lager
hydrogen cylinders should be clamped or otherwise
supported in place and used only in areas free of ignition sources and separate from
oxidizers. Expansion of hydrogen released rapidly from a compressed cylinder will
cause evolution of heat due to its negative Joule-Thompson coefficient.
l?uterung methode
It is usually purified by passing through a suitable absorption train of tubes. Carbon dioxide is removed with KOH pellets, soda-lime or NaOH pellets. Oxygen is removed with a “De-oxo” unit or by passage over Cu heated to 450-500o and Cu on Kieselguhr at 250o. Passage over a mixture of MnO2 and CuO (Hopcalite) oxidises any CO to CO2 (which is removed as above). Hydrogen can be dried by passage through dried silica-alumina at -195o, through a dry-ice trap followed by a liquid-N2 trap packed with glass wool, through CaCl2 tubes, or through Mg(ClO4)2 or P2O5. Other purification steps include passage through a hot palladium thimble [Masson J Am Chem Soc 74 4731 1952], through an activated-charcoal trap at -195o, and through a non-absorbent cotton-wool filter or small glass spheres coated with a thin layer of silicone grease. Potentially VERY EXPLOSIVE in air.
Inkompatibilit?ten
Hydrogen is a reducing agent and reacts explosively with strong oxidizers such as
halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) and interhalogen compounds.
Waste disposal
Excess hydrogen cylinders should be returned to the vendor. Excess hydrogen gas present over reaction
mixtures should be carefully vented to the atmosphere under conditions of good ventilation after all
ignition sources have been removed. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this
volume.
Wasserstoff Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
Cyclohexancarbonsure
Phosphors?uredimethylesterchlorid
2-Fluorphenol
Isopentylphenylacetat
3,5-DIAMINOPYRIDINE
Etrimfos
2-Methylvaleraldehyd
Deoxynucleotide
2-Chlor-N-[[[4-(trifluormethoxy)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]benzamid
Zalcitabine
2,4-Dichlor-5-isopropoxyanilin
N-1,3-Dimethylbutyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylendiamin
3-(3-METHYLPHENYL)PROPIONIC ACID
Triethylaluminium
2-Chloro-5-hydroxymethylpyridine
4-tert-Butylbenzylamin
N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-diaminopropan
bomn，amorphous
silicon nitride whisker
Thiocarbonohydrazid
2-(4-AMINOPHENYL)ETHYL AMINE 2HCL
Perhydroazepin
5-Phenylvaleriansaeure
Rosiglitazone
Lithiumhydrid
3-(3-CHLOROPHENYL)PROPIONIC ACID
2-(Piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine
3-(p-Tolyl)propionsure
Naproxen
Dinoproston
N-(1-Methylethyl)-N'-phenyl-1,4-benzoldiamin
DL-Isoserine
Molybdaen
6,18-Dihydrodinaphtho[2,3-i:2',3'-i']benzo[1,2-a:4,5-a']dicarbazol-5,7,12,17,19,24-hexon
Industrial ammonia
Acetamiprid
3-(METHYLSULFONYL)ANILINE
2-Methylpropan-2-thiol
PIPERAZINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
4-Fluorphenol
