Azathioprin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R45:Kann Krebs erzeugen.
R22:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Verschlucken.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
Beschreibung
This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is
derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused occupational
dermatitis in a pharmaceutical worker, reconditioner
of old tablet packaging machines and in a production
mechanic, working in packaging for a pharmaceutical
company.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Azathioprine is a complex heterocyclic
compound which forms pale yellow crystals.
Verwenden
An immunosuppressive antimetabolite. Also active as disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). Azathioprine is a purine analog with immunosuppressive effects.
Definition
ChEBI: A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and a
ter organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.
Indications
Azathioprine (Imuran) is a cytotoxic agent that preferentially
destroys any rapidly dividing cell. Since immunologically
competent cells are generally rapidly dividing
cells, azathioprine is very effective as an
immunosuppressive drug. Unfortunately, any cell that is
replicating is a target for this action. This lack of specificity
leads to serious side effects.
Azathioprine, in combination with corticosteroids,
has historically been used more widely than any other
drug in immunosuppressive therapy. It is classified as a
purine antimetabolite and is a derivative of 6-mercaptopurine.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Pale yellow crystals or yellowish powder. Decomposes at 243-244°C. Used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A known carcinogen.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Sensitive to oxidation in the air. Insoluble in water.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Azathioprine may react exothermically with acids. Incompatible with isocyanates, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Hydrolyzed by strongly basic solutions . May react with strong reducing agents to generate flammable gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide.
Hazard
Confirmed carcinogen.
Brandgefahr
Flash point data for Azathioprine are not available. Azathioprine is probably combustible.
Kontakt-Allergie
This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is
derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused allergic contact
dermatitis in a mother crushing tablets for her leukemic
son, and occupational dermatitis in a pharmaceutical
reconditioner of old tablet packaging machines, and in a
production mechanic working in packaging for a pharmaceutical
company.
Mechanism of action
Azathioprine is a phase-specific drug that is toxic to
cells during nucleic acid synthesis. Phase-specific drugs
are toxic during a specific phase of the mitotic cycle,
usually the S-phase, when DNA synthesis is occurring,
as opposed to cycle-specific drugs that kill both cycling
and intermitotic cells.
Azathioprine is converted in vivo to thioinosinic
acid, which competitively inhibits the synthesis of inosinic
acid, the precursor to adenylic acid and guanylic
acid. In this way, azathioprine inhibits DNA synthesis
and therefore suppresses lymphocyte proliferation.This
effectively inhibits both humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses.
Pharmakologie
Azathioprine is well absorbed following oral administration,
with peak blood levels occurring within 1 to 2
hours. It is rapidly and extensively metabolized to 6-
mercaptopurine, which is further converted in the liver
and erythrocytes to a variety of metabolites, including 6-
thiouric acid. Metabolites are excreted in the urine.The
half-life of azathioprine and its metabolites in the blood
is about 5 hours.
Clinical Use
Azathioprine is a relatively powerful antiinflammatory
agent. Although its beneficial effect in various conditions
is principally attributable to its direct immunosuppressive
action, the antiinflammatory properties of the
drug play an important role in its overall therapeutic effectiveness.
Azathioprine has been used widely in combination
with corticosteroids to inhibit rejection of organ transplants,
particularly kidney and liver allografts. However,
it is usually reserved for patients who do not respond to
cyclosporine plus corticosteroids alone.
Azathioprine also has applications in certain disorders
with autoimmune components, most commonly
rheumatoid arthritis. It is as effective as cyclophosphamide
in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis.
It has largely been replaced by cyclosporine in immunosuppressive
therapy. Relative to other cytotoxic
agents, the better oral absorption of azathioprine is the
reason for its more widespread clinical use.
Nebenwirkungen
The therapeutic use of azathioprine has been limited by
the number and severity of adverse effects associated
with its administration. Bone marrow suppression resulting
in leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or both may
occur. GI toxicity may be a problem. It is also mildly hepatotoxic.
Because of its immunosuppressive activity,
azathioprine therapy can lead to serious infections. It
has been shown to be mutagenic in animals and humans
and carcinogenic in animals.
Sicherheitsprofil
Confirmed human
carcinogen producing bladder tumors and
leukemia. Poison by subcutaneous,
intradermal, and intraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human
systemic effects: liver changes,
hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting,
increased body temperature, BP lowering,
decreased urine volume or anuria,
normocytic anemia, bone marrow changes.
An experimental teratogen. Other
experimental reproductive effects. Human
mutation data reported. When heated to
decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of
NO,xand SOx. An immunosuppressant.
m?gliche Exposition
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive
agent, generally used in combination with a corticosteroid
to prevent rejection following renal homotransplantations.
It also is used following transplantation of other organs.
Other uses of azathioprine include the treatment of a variety
of presumed autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid
arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; systemic lupus
erythematosus; dermatonyositis, periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma,
refractory thombocytopenic purpura; autoimmune
hemolytic anemia; chronic active liver disease; regional
enteritis; ulcerative colitis; various autoimmune diseases of
the eye; acute and chronic glomerulonephritis; the nephritic
syndrome; Wegener’s granulomatosis; and multiple
sclerosis.
Carcinogenicity
Azathioprine is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.
Versand/Shipping
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical
Name Required.
Inkompatibilit?ten
Incompatible with reducing agents, such
as hydrides (may cause the release of explosive gases), oxidizers
(chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates,
chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may
cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials,
strong acids (violent exothermic reaction), strong bases.
Azathioprin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
