Coffein Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
GERUCHLOSE WEISSE KRISTALLE ODER KRISTALLINES PULVER.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Zersetzung beim Verbrennen unter Bildung giftiger Rauche mit Stickstoffoxiden.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachl?ssigbar; eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch durch Staubbildung schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf Zentralnervensystem und Herzkreislaufsystem mit nachfolgender Schlaflosigkeit, Erregung, Herzjagen, Polyurie.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Tierversuche zeigen, dass die Substanz m?glicherweise fruchtbarkeitssch?digend oder entwicklungssch?digend wirken kann.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in abdichtbaren Beh?ltern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste sorgf?ltig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzger?t, P2-Filter für sch?dliche Partikel.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R22:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Verschlucken.
R25:Giftig beim Verschlucken.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C8H10N4O2; (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthin). Geruchloses, farbloses Pulver.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Bei Kontakt mit starken Oxidationsmitteln finden heftige Reationen statt.
Im Brandfall können nitrose Gase entstehen.
Bei Aufwirbeln des Pulvers besteht die Gefahr einer Staubexplosion.
Vergiftungsgefahr beim Verschlucken. Erste Vergiftungserscheinungen treten bei Aufnahme von mehr als 300 mg auf. Die Symptome sind: Unruhe, Zittern der Hände, beschleunigter Herzschlag, Kopfschmerzen, Schwindel, Anstieg des Blutdrucks, Schlaflosigkeit, Harndrang, Durchfall, Husten, Atemnot, Kollaps;in schweren Fällen Muskelzittern, Muskelstarre, Wahnvorstellungen, beschleunigte Atmung, Krämpfe und Koma.
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Schutzhandschuhe aus Latex oder Neopren nur als kurzzeitigen Staub- und Spritzschutz verwenden.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Die verschüttete Substanz mechanisch aufnehmen und als Sondermüll entsorgen.
Wasser, Kohlendioxid, Schaum und Trockenlöschmittel.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Sofort mit viel Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Die Augen gründlich spülen (mindestens 15 min. bei geöffnetem Lidspalt unter fließendem Wasser) und Arzt konsultieren.
Nach Einatmen: Den Betroffenen an die frische Luft bringen und ruhig lagern.
Nach Verschlucken: Den Betroffenen viel Wasser trinken lassen. Erbrechen nur bei dessen vollem (!) Bewußtsein selbsttätig auslösen lassen. Sofort Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als Sondermüll entsorgen.
Beschreibung
Caffeine is an alkaloid purine belonging to the group of organic compounds called methylxanthines. Pure caffeine is a white, crystalline, bitter-tasting compound. Caffeine is found in a number of plants, principally coffee and tea plants, as well as cola and cacao nuts. In plants, caffeine functions as a natural pesticide to deter insects.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Caffeine is the alkaloid 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine. It is one of the xanthine derivatives present up to 1.5% in seeds of
coffee (Coffea arabica L.) and up to 5% in the leaves of tea (Camelia sinensis). It is a component of the beverages made from these
plants. Caffeine is also a component of chocolate (Theobroma cacao) and the cola nut (Cola acuminata Schott and Endel. and related
species), the extract of which is used in cola drinks. It is virtually odorless. Caffeine is added to cola-type beverages for its enhancement
of flavor. Subtle and subliminal flavors are widely appreciated by consumers and caffeine has a modifying effect on other components
of the beverage. The threshold for detecting the presence of caffeine in liquid foods varies depending on the nature of other
substances present, but lies close to the level characteristic of currently produced cola-type beverages. The threshold for detection of
caffeine in water has been shown to be 0.0095%; in liquid foods, 0.0184%. In one study, panelists could distinguish a solution containing
0.0058% caffeine from the control. The threshold for detecting taste difference between an aqueous solution of caffeine and
a water control was also shown to be 0.005% caffeine and to distinguish bitterness, 0.011% caffeine. In aqueous solutions containing
threshold and subthreshold concentrations of caffeine, sucrose, citric acid and salt, all compounds depressed the taste intensity of
each other.*
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Appearance: odorless silky needle-like crystal or crystal powder with the color of
white or a little yellowish green. Solubility: weathering, easily dissolved in water or
chloroform and slightly soluble in water, ethanol, or acetone, very slightly dissolved
in ether. Melting point: 235–238?°C.
Occurrence
Reported found in coffee and guarana.
History
Runge isolated caff eine from coffee in 1819. Caffeine derives its name from the Kaffa region of Ethiopia. Caffeine comes from the German kaffeine, which in turn is derived from the German word for coffee, kaffee. In 1827, a compound isolated from tea was named theine, but this was eventually shown to be caffeine.
Verwenden
Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that acts as a stimulant drug and a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Caffeine is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves, and fruit of some plants, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding on the plants.
In humans, caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant, temporarily warding off drowsiness and restoring alertness. Caffeine is a cardiac and respiratory stimulant; diuretic. Caffeine is toxic at sufficiently high doses.
Definition
ChEBI: A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
Indications
This product is included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China
(2015), the British Pharmacopoeia (2017), the United States Pharmacopeia (40), the
Japanese Pharmacopoeia (17th ed.), the European Pharmacopoeia (9.0th ed.), the
Indian Pharmacopoeia (2010), and the International Pharmacopoeia (5th ed.).
Commonly used dosage forms of caffeine include tablet, powder, and injection.
Mainly used dosage forms in the market include caffeine citrate tablets, amidopyrine caffeine tablets, amidopyrine caffeine, children acetaminophen aspirin caffeine
tablets, ergotamine caffeine tablets, caffeine sodium benzoate injection, cafe bromine agent, etc.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Odorless white powder or white glistening needles, usually melted together. Bitter taste. Solutions in water are neutral to litmus. Odorless.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Efflorescent in air. Water soluble.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Caffeine may be hygroscopic. Aqueous solutions (1.12 mg/mL) are stable for three weeks at 41° F if protected from light. In normal room lighting and at room temperature, solutions are stable for 3 days. Solutions of Caffeine in water, DMSO, 95% ethanol or acetone should be stable for 24 hours under normal lab conditions. REACTIVITY: Caffeine may react with strong oxidizing agents. Caffeine is also incompatible with iodine, silver salts and tannins. Caffeine is a very weak base. Caffeine is decomposed by strong solutions of caustic alkalis.
Hazard
One grain or more is toxic, 200 μg/m L has
been found to inhibit activity of the enzyme DNA
polymerase. Use in soft drinks not to exceed 0.02%.
Questionable carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Caffeine is a stimulant of the central nervoussystem. It eliminates fatigue and drowsiness. However, high doses cause gastrointestinal motility, restlessness, sleeplessness,nervousness, and tremor. Acute poisoningeffects include nausea, vomiting, headache,excitability, tremor, and sometimes, convulsive coma. Other symptoms may be respiratory depression, muscle contraction, distortedperception, and hallucination. Ingestion of15–20 g may be fatal to humans.
LD50 value, oral (mice): 127 mg/kg
LD50 value, oral (rabbits): 224 mg/kg
Animal studies indicate that caffeine athigh doses produces adverse reproductiveeffects, causing developmental abnormalities. It tested negative in the histidine reversion–Ames and TRP reversion tests.
Brandgefahr
Flash point data for Caffeine are not available; however, Caffeine is probably combustible.
Biologische Aktivit?t
Central nervous system stimulant. Antagonist at A 1 and A 2A adenosine receptors and inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Mobilises calcium from intracellular stores and inhibits benzodiazepine binding to GABA receptors.
Clinical Use
The commonly used clinical preparations include caffeine sodium benzoate and
ergotamine caffeine. The preparation of caffeine sodium benzoate (injection) is constituted of 0.12?g/ml of caffeine, 0.13?g/ml of sodium benzoate, and cafe bromine
mixture (oral liquid). Clinically, it can be used for migraine headaches, cerebral artery dilated headache, or headache caused by histamine. However,
it is invalid in the prevention of headaches. The adverse reactions include nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain, and fatigue. Other common symptoms include numbness
and tingling of the hands, toes, and face and swelling of the foot and lower limb.
Overdose causes severe poisoning, mental disorder, ataxia, convulsions, gray chills
of the hand and foot, sensory disturbance, and even death due to coma and respiratory paralysis. Caffeine citrate preparation, including injection and oral solution,
is the only internationally approved drug for the treatment of premature infant
apnea.
Sicherheitsprofil
A human poison by
ingestion. An experimental poison by
ingestion, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal,
intramuscular, rectal, and intravenous
routes. Human systemic effects: ataxia,
blood pressure elevation, change in heart
rate, changes in tubules, convulsions or
effect on seizure threshold, dtarrhea,
distorted perceptions, hallucinations,
hypermotility, muscle contraction,
musculoskeletal tumors, nausea or vomiting,
toxic psychosis, tremors. A human teratogen
causing developmental abnormalities of the
craniofacial and musculoskeletal systems,
pregnancy termination (abortion), and
stillbirth. Human maternal effects include an
unspecified effect on labor or chddbirth.
Human mutation data reported. An
experimental teratogen. Other experimental
reproductive effects. Questionable
carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic
data. Large doses (above 1.0 g> cause
palpitation, excitement, insomnia, dtzziness,
headache, and vomiting. Continued
excessive use of caffeine in tea or coffee
may lead to digestive disturbances,
constipation, palpitations, shortness of
breath, and depressed mental states. It is
also implicated in cardiac disorders under
those condttions. When heated to
decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx
Environmental Fate
Caffeine can have profound effects on the cardiovascular
system. At least four mechanisms have been proposed for the
pro-arrhythmic potential of caffeine in overdose. First,
caffeine increases circulating catecholamines. Second, caffeine
inhibits phosphodiesterase. Increased circulating catecholamines
after caffeine overdose increase b1-receptor stimulation.
Stimulation of b1-receptors increases intracellular cAMP
by G protein stimulation of adenylate cyclase. The activity of
cAMP is prolonged due to its decreased metabolism as
phosphodiesterase is inhibited by caffeine. Subsequently,
b1-receptor effects are exaggerated and tachydysrhythmias are
induced. Third, caffeine increases myocardial intracellular calcium. Caffeine both induces release of calcium from the
sarcoplasmic reticulumand blocks calcium’s reuptake into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. This resulting increase in cytosolic
calcium may provoke dysrhythmias. Fourth, caffeine blocks
cardiac adenosine receptors, which have been shown to be
antiarrhythmic.
The hypotension that has been noted with overdoses of
caffeine is due primarily to two mechanisms. First, caffeineinduced
tachydysrhythmias lead to inadequate filling of the
heart and subsequent decrease in cardiac output. Second,
caffeine augments β2-effects and causes subsequent vasodilation
with resulting hypotension.
l?uterung methode
Caffeine crystallises from water or absolute EtOH. [Beilstein 26 III/IV 2338.]
Coffein Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
