Formamid Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE, HYGROSKOPISCHE, VISKOSE FLüSSIGKEIT.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Beim Verbrennen Bildung giftiger Gase (Stickstoffoxide). Zersetzung beim Erhitzen bei 180°C unter Bildung von Ammoniak, Wasser, Kohlenmonoxid und Cyanwasserstoff. Reagiert mit Oxidationsmitteln. Greift Metalle wie Aluminium, Eisen, Kupfer und Naturkautschuk an.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 10 ppm (als TWA); Hautresorption; (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: IIb (nicht festgelegt, aber Informationen vorhanden) Hautresorption; (DFG 2006).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation der D?mpfe, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Beim Verdampfen bei 20°C tritt eine gesundheitssch?dliche Kontamination der Luft nicht oder nur sehr langsam ein
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen und die Haut. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Tierversuche zeigen, dass die Substanz m?glicherweise fruchtbarkeitssch?digend oder entwicklungssch?digend wirken kann.
LECKAGE
Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit m?glichst in abdichtbaren Stahl- (nicht Kupfer-)beh?ltern sammeln. Verschüttete Flüssigkeit mit viel Wasser wegspülen.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R61:Kann das Kind im Mutterleib sch?digen.
R41:Gefahr ernster Augensch?den.
R37/38:Reizt die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).
Aussehen Eigenschaften
CH3NO; Ameisensäureamid, Methanamid. Farblose bis schwach gelbliche hygroskopische Flüssigkeit. Schwer entzündlich und glycerinartige Viskosität.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Kann das Kind im Mutterleib schädigen.
Lokale Haut- und Schleimhautreizungen. Wirk teratogen und schädigt Leber und Nieren.
Heftige Reaktion mit starken Oxidationsmitteln. Als Zersetzungsprodukte können Ammoniak und Blausäure entstehen.
LD
50 (oral, Ratte): 5800 mg/kg.
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Schutzhandschuhe als kurzzeitiger Spritzschutz.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen. Dämpfe mit Wasser niederschlagen.
Mit flüsssigkeitsbindendem Material z. B. Rench Rapid aufnehmen. Der Entsorgung zuführen.
Kohlendioxid, Wassernebel, Schaum, Pulver.
Bei Brand kann Cyanwasserstoff freigesetzt werden.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit viel Wasser und Seife abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser und geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 10 Minuten ausspülen. Augenarzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft, Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken lassen. Erbrechen auslösen. Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort entfernen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Als halogenfreie, organische Lösemittelabfälle.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Formamide is a colorless, viscous liquid.
Faint ammonia-like odor.
Verwenden
Formamide destabilizes nucleic acid duplexes and may be used, typically, at a concentration of 50%, in hybridization protocols requiring lower hybridization temperatures.
Definition
ChEBI: The simplest monocarboxylic acid amide, obtained by formal condensation of formic acid with ammonia. The parent of the class of formaldehydes.
Vorbereitung Methode
Formamide is produced commercially by two processes (Eberling 1980). In a direct synthesis, ammonia and carbon monoxide react at 100-300 atm and 80-100°C in methanolic sodium methoxide. In the second, a two-stage synthesis, carbon monoxide and methanol form methylformate in the presence of sodium methoxide. The methylformate is treated with liquid or gaseous ammonia at 2-6 atm and 80-100°C.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A colorless liquid with a faint odor of ammonia. Denser than water. Freezing point 36°F.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Hygroscopic. Water soluble.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Formamide is incompatible with strong oxidizers, acids and bases. Sensitive to light. Reacts with water very slowly at room temperature, but rate is accelerated by acids and bases at elevated temperatures. Incompatible with iodine, pyridine and sulfur trioxide. Reacts explosively with furfuryl alcohol, H2O2, Tl(NO3)3.H2O, nitromethane and P2O5. An effective solvent: dissolves casein, glucose, tannins, starch, lignin, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose acetate, nylon, the chlorides of copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, iron, aluminum and nickel, the acetates of the alkali metals, some inorganic sulfates and nitrates. Attacks copper and brass .
Hazard
Toxic material. Toxic by skin absorption.
Health Hazard
Formamide is moderately irritating to the skin and mucous membranes (Windholz 1983).
Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung
Fonnamide is an organic compound containing the amide group -CONH
2. It is made from formic acid or its ester with ammonia. It is also made from ammonia and carbon monoxide.
Formamide is used in making liquid fertilizers for foliar application of nitrogen. For example, a mixture of formamide, urea and ammonium nitrate is used as a solution fertilizer and has a salt-out temperature of 0°C. It contains more than 35% nitrogen, unlike the aqueous formulations of urea, and ammonium nitrate, which have 32 % nitrogen.Formamide is a good solvent for many organic compounds.
Industrielle Verwendung
Formamide is used in the large scale production of formic acid by reaction with inorganic acids, as an intermediate in the chemical industry, as a solvent in the processing of plastics, and as a solvent in felt-tip pens (Eberling 1980).
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by skin contact
and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic
by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and
intramuscular routes. An irritant to skin,
eyes, and mucous membranes. Experimental
teratogenic and reproductive effects. An eye
irritant. Mutation data reported.
Combustible when exposed to heat or
flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing
materials. Incompatible with 12, pyridine,SO3. When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of NOx. Has exploded while in
storage.
m?gliche Exposition
Formamide is a powerful solvent. It is
also used as an intermediate in pharmaceutical
manufacture.
Environmental Fate
If released to air, formamide will exist solely as a vapor in the
ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase formamide will be degraded
in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced
hydroxyl radicals. The half-life for this reaction in air is estimated
to be 8.0 days. If released to soil, formamide is expected to have
very high mobility. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not
expected to be an important fate process. If released into water,
formamide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and
sediment. Several biodegradation screening studies have
observed significant biodegradation of formamide, which
suggests that biodegradation may be important. Volatilization
from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate
process based upon this compound’s estimated Henry’s law
constant.
Stoffwechsel
There are only very few reports on the metabolic fate of formamide in the literature. Halsey (1898) found that formamide gave rise to as much urinary formate in the dog as did formic acid, and assumed complete hydrolysis of the amide in vivo. In a study by Bray et al (1949) the hypothesis was tested that formamide undergoes metabolic hydrolysis in rabbits. Acidic substances were titrated after extraction by ether, before and after hydrolysis of urine samples. The ether-soluble acid determined in hydrolyzed urine was assumed to reflect the amount of formamide excreted unchanged. The difference between the amount of amide administered and the total amount excreted unchanged was considered to represent amide which was metabolically hydrolyzed. After administration of 2-4 g per rabbit orally, 39% of the dose was recovered unchanged using this method. When formamide was incubated with rabbit liver extracts or liver slices, only very little hydrolysis was detected by this method.
Versand/Shipping
UN2810 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical
Name Required.
l?uterung methode
Formamide is easily hydrolysed by acids and bases. It also reacts with peroxides, acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters and (on heating) alcohols, while strong dehydrating agents convert it to a nitrile. It is very hygroscopic. Commercial material often contains acids and ammonium formate. Vorhoek [J Am Chem Soc 58 2577 1956] added some bromothymol blue to formamide and then neutralised it with NaOH before heating to 80-90o under reduced pressure to distil off ammonia and water. The amide is again neutralised and the process is repeated until the liquid remained neutral on heating. Sodium formate is added, and the formamide is concentrated under reduced pressure at 80-90o. The distillate is again neutralised and redistilled. It is then fractionally crystallised in the absence of CO2 and water by partial freezing. Formamide (specific conductance 2 x 10-7 ohm-1 cm-1) of low water content is dried by passage through a column of 3A molecular sieves, then deionized by treatment with a mixed-bed ion-exchange resin loaded with H+ and HCONH-ions (using sodium formamide in formamide)[Notley & Spiro J Chem Soc (B) 362 1966]. [Beilstein 2 IV 45.]
Inkompatibilit?ten
Forms hydrocyanic acid with water
solutions. Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from air).
Incompatible with nonoxidizing mineral acids; strong acids;
ammonia, cresols, iodine, isocyanates, oleum, phenols, pyr idine, sulfur trioxide; oxidizers, iodine, pyridine.
Formamide decomposes on heating @ 180℃ forming
ammonia, water, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide.
Attacks metals, such as aluminum, iron, copper, brass, lead,
and natural rubber. Thermal decomposition may release
deadly hydrogen cyanide. Compounds of the carboxyl
group react with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e.,
amines) releasing substantial heat, water and a salt that
may be harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds
(releases hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithio carbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides
(releasing heat, toxic and possibly flammable gases),
thiosulfates and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate and
oxides of sulfur).
Waste disposal
Dissolve in a combustible
solvent and dispose by burning in a furnace equipped with
an alkali scrubber for the exit gases.
Formamid Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
5-(4-Phenyl-phenyl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one ,97%
5-METHYL-2-PYRROL-1-YL-THIOPHENE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID
Ivermectin
7-METHYLADENINE
6-ISO-PROPYL-3H-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4-ONE
(4-OXO-6,7-DIHYDRO-4H,5H-CYCLOPENTA[4,5]THIENO-[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-3-YL)-ACETIC ACID
Zidovudine
4-Methylthiazol
Peplomycin
5-Ethyl-6-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one ,97%
1,2,3,5-TETRAHYDRO-8-THIA-5,7-DIAZA-CYCLOPENTA[A]INDENE-4-ONE
CAFENSTROLE
5,6-DIMETHYLTHIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4(3H)-ONE
4,5-Dimethylthiazol
4-CHLORO-5,6-DIMETHYLTHIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDINE
Xanomeline
2-THIOPHENECARBOXAMIDE
5-(4-METHOXY-PHENYL)-3H-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4-ONE
6-PHENYL-3H-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4-ONE
ETHYL 5-METHYL-4-OXO-3,4-DIHYDROTHIENO[2,3-D]-PYRIMIDINE-6-CARBOXYLATE
5-Ethoxy-4-methyloxazole
6-ethylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one
4-Amino-6-methoxypyrimidine
5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDRO-3H-BENZO[4,5]THIENO[2,3-D]-PYRIMIDIN-4-ONE
3,7-Dihydro-1H-purin-2,6-dithion
2-(4-Methylthiazol-5-yl)ethylacetat
2,6-PIPERAZINEDIONE, 4,4'-(1-METHYL-1,2-ETHANEDIYL)BIS-
Cefodizime
2,4-Dimethoxybenzylamine
VESNARINONE
6-METHYL-3H-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4-ONE
4-CHLORO-8-FLUORO-5H-PYRIMIDO[5,4-B]INDOLE
6-TERT-BUTYL-3H-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDIN-4-ONE
3,5-DIMETHYL-3H-IMIDAZOLE-4-CARBOXYLIC ACID ETHYL ESTER
α-D-Glucopyranosid, β-D-Fructofuranosyl-, Octadecanoat
6-Iodoquinazolin-4-one
3,4-DIHYDRO-4-OXOQUINAZOLINE-7-CARBOXYLIC ACID
methyl 3,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinazoline-7-carboxylate
Diethylstilbestrol
5-METHYL-4-OXO-3,4-DIHYDRO-THIENO[2,3-D]PYRIMIDINE-6-CARBOXYLIC ACID
