Nickel Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
SILBERFARBENER METALLISCHER FESTSTOFF IN VERSCHIEDENEN FORMEN
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Staubexplosion der pulverisierten oder granulierten Substanz in Gemischen mit Luft m?glich.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Reagiert als Pulver sehr heftig mit Titanpulver, Kaliumperchlorat und Oxidationsmitteln wie Ammoniumnitrat. Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr. Reagiert langsam mit nichtoxidierenden, schneller mit oxidierenden S?uren. Bei Brand in Gegenwart von Nickel k?nnen giftige Gase und D?mpfe (wie Nickelcarbonyl) freigesetzt werden.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 1,5 mg/m?(Einatembare Fraktion) (als TWA); Krebskategorie A5 (kein Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung beim Menschen); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: (Einatembare Fraktion) Sensibilisierung der Atemwege und der Haut; Krebserzeugend Kategorie 1; (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation des Staubes.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20 °C vernachl?ssigbar; eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch beim Dispergieren schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Reizt m?glicherweise mechanisch. Inhalation von Rauchen kann zu Lungenentzündung führen.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann zu Hautsensibilisierung führen. Wiederholte oder andauernde Inhalation kann asthmatische Beschwerden hervorrufen. Risiko der Lungensch?digung bei wiederholter oder l?ngerer Exposition. M?glicherweise krebserzeugend für den Menschen.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material aufsaugen. Reste sorgf?ltig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzger?t, P2-Filter für sch?dliche Partikel.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R34:Verursacht Ver?tzungen.
R50/53:Sehr giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gew?ssern l?ngerfristig sch?dliche Wirkungen haben.
R43:Sensibilisierung durch Hautkontakt m?glich.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R10:Entzündlich.
R17:Selbstentzündlich an der Luft. Spontaneously flammable in air.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S60:Dieses Produkt und sein Beh?lter sind als gef?hrlicher Abfall zu entsorgen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S15:Vor Hitze schützen.
S5:Unter . . . aufbewahren (geeignete Flüssigkeit vom Hersteller anzugeben).
Chemische Eigenschaften
RANEY NICKEL is a hard, ductile, magnetic metal with a silver-white color.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Nickel metal does not exist freely in nature. Rather, it is located as compounds in ores ofvarying colors, ranging from reddish-brown rocks to greenish and yellowish deposits, andin copper ores. Once refined from its ore, the metallic nickel is a silver-white and hard butmalleable and ductile metal that can be worked hot or cold to fabricate many items. Nickel,located in group 10, and its close neighbor, copper, just to its right in group 11 of the periodictable, have two major differences. Nickel is a poor conductor of electricity, and copper is anexcellent conductor, and although copper is not magnetic, nickel is. Nickel’s melting point is1,455°C, its boiling point is 2,913°C, and its density is 8.912 g/cm
3.
Isotopes
There are 31 isotopes of nickel, ranging from Ni-48 to Ni-78. Five of these arestable, and the percentage of their contribution to the element’s natural existence onEarth are as follows: Ni-58 = 68.077%, Ni-60 = 26.223%, Ni-61 = 1.140%, Ni-62 =3.634%, and Ni 64 = 0.926%. All of the other 26 isotopes of nickel are artificially madeand radioactive with half-lives ranging from a few nanoseconds to 7.6×10
4 years.
Origin of Name
The name is derived from the ore niccolite, meaning “Old Nick,”
referred to as the devil by German miners. The niccolite mineral ore was also called
“kupfernickel,” which in German stands for two things; first, it is the name of a gnome
(similar to Cobalt), and second, it refers to “Old Nick’s false copper.”
Occurrence
Nickel is the 23rd most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. It is somewhat plentiful but scattered and makes up one-hundredth of 1% of igneous rocks. Nickel metal is foundin meteorites (as are some other elements). It is believed that molten nickel, along with iron,makes up the central sphere that forms the core of the Earth.There are several types of nickel ores. One is the major ore for nickel called pentlandite(NiS ? 2FeS), which is iron/nickel sulfide. Another is a mineral called niccolite (NiAs), discovered in 1751 and first found in a mining area of Sweden. By far, the largest mining area fornickel is located in Ontario, Canada, where it is recovered from what is thought to be a verylarge meteorite that crashed into the Earth eons ago. This large nickel deposit is one reasonfor the theory of the Earth’s core being molten nickel and iron, given that both the Earth andmeteorites were formed during the early stages of the solar system. Some nickel ores are alsofound in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Scandinavia. Traces of nickel exist in soils, coal,plants, and animals.
Charakteristisch
As mentioned, nickel is located in group 10 (VIII) and is the third element in the specialtriad (Fe, Co, Ni) of the first series of the transition elements. Nickel’s chemical and physicalproperties, particularly its magnetic peculiarity, are similar to iron and cobalt.Some acids will attack nickel, but it offers excellent protection from corrosion from air andseawater. This quality makes it excellent for electroplating other metals to form a protectivecoating. Nickel is also an excellent alloy metal, particularly with iron, for making stainless steelas well as a protective armor for military vehicles. It is malleable and can be drawn throughdies to form wires. About one pound of nickel metal can be drawn to about 200 miles of thinwire.
Verwenden
Nickel-plating; for various alloys such as new silver, Chinese silver, German silver; for coins, electrotypes, storage batteries; magnets, lightning-rod tips, electrical contacts and electrodes, spark plugs, machinery parts; catalyst for hydrogenation of oils and other organic substances. See also Raney nickel. manufacture of Monel metal, stainless steels, heat resistant steels, heat and corrosion resistant alloys, nickel-chrome resistance wire; in alloys for electronic and space applications.
Definition
ChEBI: Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.
synthetische
The carbonyl process is most commonly employed when very pure nickel is required.
The impure metal is reacted with pure carbon monoxide at 50° and the carbonyl produced
fractionated several times prior to pyrolysis at around 200°. The nickel thus obtained
has a purity of 99.90-99.99% depending upon the materials used.
Electrolytic methods for producing high purity nickel depend upon the production of high purity nickel salts. The nickel obtained by the electrolysis of pure nickel chloride solution with inert platinum-iridium anodes is 99.99% pure.
Vorbereitung Methode
Nickel is obtained by processing sulfide and laterite ore
concentrates using pyrometallurgic and hydrometallurgic
processes. The resultant nickel matte obtained by roasting
and smelting is subjected to further cleaning by electro-,
vapo-, and hydrometallurgic refining methods. Some portion
of the matte is roasted to obtain commercial nickel oxide
agglomerate. Pure, 99.9% nickel can be obtained by electrolytic
refining process.
The most pure, 99.97%, nickel is obtained by vapometallurgy.
In this process, known also as the Mond method,nickel and copper sulfide blend is converted to oxides and
then reduced by heating with water gas at 350–400°C. The
resultant active form of nickel is treated with carbon monoxide
to give volatile nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)4]. The latter
reaction is reversible; heating results in pure nickel and
carbon monoxide.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Nickel catalyst, is extremely fine powdered nickel. Nickel is grayish colored. Insoluble in water. Nickel catalyst is used to promote the chemical action in manufacturing synthetics and to process vegetable oil and petroleum. If exposed to air or moisture, Nickel may become hot enough to ignite. Nickel is insoluble in water and does not react with larger volumes of water.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Pyrophoric, Ignites spontaneously in the presence of air; during storage, H2 escapes with fire and explosion hazards; reacts violently with acids forming H2. [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 807].
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Metals, such as METAL CATALYST, are reducing agents and tend to react with oxidizing agents. Their reactivity is strongly influenced by their state of subdivision: in bulk they often resist chemical combination; in powdered form they may react very rapidly. Thus, as a bulk metal Nickel is somewhat unreactive, but finely divided material may be pyrophoric. The metal reacts exothermically with compounds having active hydrogen atoms (such as acids and water) to form flammable hydrogen gas and caustic products. The reactions are less vigorous than the similar reactions of alkali metals, but the released heat can still ignite the released hydrogen. Materials in this group may react with azo/diazo compounds to form explosive products. These metals and the products of their corrosion by air and water can catalyze polymerization reactions in several classes of organic compounds; these polymerizations sometimes proceed rapidly or even explosively. Some metals in this group form explosive products with halogenated hydrocarbons. Can react explosively with oxidizing materials.
Hazard
Nickel dust and powder are flammable. Most nickel compounds, particularly the salts, aretoxic. NiSO
4 is a known carcinogen.
Although nickel is not easily absorbed in the digestive system, it can cause toxic reactionsand is a confirmed carcinogen in high concentration in the body. Nickel workers can receivesevere skin rashes and lung cancer from exposure to nickel dust and vapors.
Nickel is stored in the brain, spinal cord, lungs, and heart. It can cause coughs, shortnessof breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and general weakness.
Brandgefahr
Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.
Sicherheitsprofil
Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic,
neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Poison
by ingestion, intratracheal, intraperitoneal,
subcutaneous, and intravenous routes. An
experimental teratogen. Ingestion of soluble
salts causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Mutation data reported. Hypersensitivity to
nickel is common and can cause allergic
contact dermatitis, pulmonary asthma,
conjunctivitis, and inflammatory reactions
around nickel-containing medcal implants
and prostheses. Powders may ignite
spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with
F2, NH4NO3, hydrazine, NH3, (H2 +
dioxane), performic acid, P, Se, S, (Ti +
KCLO3). Incompatible with oxidants (e.g.,
bromine pentafluoride, peroxyformic acid,
potassium perchlorate, chlorine, nitryl
fluoride, ammonium nitrate), Raney-nickel
catalysts may initiate hazardous reactions
with ethylene + aluminum chloride, pdioxane,
hydrogen, hydrogen + oxygen,
magnesium silicate, methanol, organic
solvents + heat, sulfur compounds. Nickel
catalysts have caused many industrial
accidents.
Carcinogenicity
Metallic nickel is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Versand/Shipping
UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN3077
Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material,
Technical Name Required.
Inkompatibilit?ten
Nickel dust is a spontaneously flammable
solid and a dangerous fire hazard.
Waste disposal
Nickel compoundsencapsulation
followed by disposal in a chemical waste
landfill. However, nickel from various industrial wastes
may also be recovered and recycled as described in the
literature.
Nickel Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
2-Chlorpyrimidin-4,5-diamin
6-Chlorpyrimidin-4,5-diamin
Di-tert-butyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethyltetramethylendiperoxid
Methyl 4-amino-3-methylbenzoate
5-AMINO-6-CHLORO-PYRIMIDIN-4-OL
5-Chloroindole-3-carboxaldehyde
Nickeldinitrat
methanation catalysts
Cyclododecan
Rizinusoel, hydriert
1H-Imidazol-1-propylamin
Ethyl-2-oxopiperidin-3-carboxylat
2,5-Dimethylhexan-2,5-diol
4-AMINO-2-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PYRIMIDINE-5-CARBALDEHYDE
2-Methylpropylendiamin
Heptaminol
Dinickeltrioxid
ISOPROPYL 4-AMINOBENZOATE
4-CHLORO-6-HYDRAZINO-PYRIMIDIN-5-YLAMINE
4-AMINO-5-AMINOMETHYL-2-METHYLPYRIMIDINE
3-Phenylpropionsure
Erythrit
N-Ethylpropylamin
NICKEL(II) CARBONATE BASIC TETRAHYDRATE
N,N'-Bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazin
Sec-Butylamin
4,5-Dichlor-o-phenylendiamin
3-Pentadecylphenol
1-Methylpiperidin-3-ol
1,5-Dimethylpyrrolidin-2-on
1,7-DIDEAZAADENINE
secondary hydrocarbon steam reforming catalysts
6-Aminoindole
Benalaxyl
4-METHYLINDOLE-3-CARBOXALDEHYDE
5-AMINOPYRIMIDINE
Butan-1,2,4-triol
1-METHYL-PIPERIDINE-4-CARBONITRILE
1-Methylpiperidin-4-methylamin
8-METHOXYQUINOLIN-6-AMINE
