Zinn Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
WEISSES KRISTALLINES PULVER.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Reagiert mit starken Oxidationsmitteln.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: (als Sn) 2 mg/m?(als TWA); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: IIb (nicht festgelegt, aber Informationen vorhanden) (DFG 2005).
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann schnell erreicht werden, besonders als Pulver.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Reizt m?glicherweise die Atemwege mechanisch.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf die Lunge. Führt zu einer gutartigen Pneumokoniose (Stannose).
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in abgedeckten Beh?ltern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzger?t, P2-Filter für sch?dliche Partikel.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R36/37:Reizt die Augen und die Atmungsorgane.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S33:Ma?nahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
Beschreibung
Tin has a long, colorful history. The extraction and use of tin
began during the Bronze Age around 3000 BC when early
craftsmen discovered that bronze – a noncorrosive metal that is
extremely hard and strong enough to be used for spears,
swords, arrows, and other especially important objects at that
time – could be produced by smelting tin with copper. Tin is
also the primary constituent of pewter. Long ago, people
developed the belief that trace amounts of tin seemed to help
prevent fatigue and depression, and that drinking out of tin
cups could help combat these ailments. Tin toys, tin coated
cans, and tin roofs have also enjoyed great popularity in
the past.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Tin is a gray to almost silver-white, ductile, malleable, lustrous metal.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Tin is a soft, silvery-white metal located in the carbon group, similar in appearance to freshcutaluminum. When polished, it takes on a bluish tint caused by a thin protective coatingof oxidized tin. This property makes it useful as a coating for other metals. It is malleable andductile, meaning it can be pounded, rolled, and formed into many shapes, as well as “pulled”into wires through a die.
There are two allotropes of tin. One is known as gray or alpha (α) tin, which is not verystable. The other is known as white tin or beta (β), which is the most common allotrope. Thetwo forms (allotropes) of tin are dependent on temperature and crystalline structure. Whitetin is stable at about 13.2°C. Below this temperature, it turns into the unstable gray alphaform. There is also a lesser-known third allotrope of tin called “brittle tin,” which exists above161°C. Its name is derived from its main property.
Tin’s melting point is 231.93°C, its boiling point is 2,602°C, and the density is 5.75 g/cm3for the gray allotrope (alpha) and 7.287 g/cm3 for the white allotrope (beta).
Isotopes
There are 49 isotopes of tin, 10 of which are stable and range from Sn-112to Sn-124. Taken together, all 10 stable isotopes make up the natural abundance of tinfound on Earth. The remaining 39 isotopes are radioactive and are produced artificially innuclear reactors. Their half-lives range from 190 milliseconds to 1×10
+5 years.
Origin of Name
The name “tin” is thought to be related to the pre-Roman Etruscan god
Tinia, and the chemical symbol (Sn) comes from stannum, the Latin word for tin.
Occurrence
Tin is the 49th most abundant element found in the Earth’s crust. Although tin is nota rare element, it accounts for about 0.001% of the Earth’s crust. It is found in deposits inMalaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Bolivia, Congo, Nigeria, and China. Today, most tin is minedas the mineral ore cassiterite (SnO
2), also known as tinstone, in Malaysia. Cassiterite is tin’smain ore. There are no significant deposits found in the United States, but small deposits arefound on the southeast coast of England. To extract tin from cassiterite, the ore is “roasted” ina furnace in the presence of carbon, thereby reducing the metal from the slag.
Charakteristisch
Although tin is located in group 14 as a metalloid, it retains one of the main characteristicsof metals: in reacting with other elements, it gives up electrons, forming positive ions just asdo all metals.
Tin has a relatively low melting point (about 231°C or 4,715°F), and it reacts with someacids and strong alkalis, but not with hot water. Its resistance to corrosion is the main characteristicthat makes it a useful metal.
There is an interesting historical event related to the two main allotropes of tin. At temperaturesbelow 13 degrees centigrade, “white” tin is slowly transformed into “gray” tin, whichis unstable at low temperatures, and during the brutally cold winter of 1850 in Russia, thetin buttons sewn on soldiers’ uniforms crumbled as the tin changed forms. In the 1800s, tinwas also widely used for pots, pans, drinking cups, and dinner flatware. However, at very lowtemperatures, these implements also disintegrated as their chemical structure was altered.
Verwenden
Chiefly for tin-plating and manufacture of food, beverage and aerosol containers, soldering alloys, babbitt and type metals, manufacture of tin salts, collapsible tubes, coating for copper wire. Principle component in pewter. Alloys as dental materials (silver-tin-mercury), nuclear reactor components (tin-zirconium), aircraft components (tin-titanium), bronze (copper-tin), brass.
Definition
Metallic element of atomic
number 50, group IVA of the periodic system, aw
118.69, valences of 2, 4; 10 isotopes.
Vorbereitung Methode
Tin is relatively rare, composing only about 0.0006% in the
earth’s crust. The major tin ore is cassiterite, a naturally
occurring tin (IV) oxide (SnO2). The other major tin-containing
minerals are stannate, teallite, cylindrite, and canfieldite
that are sulfides of tin.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
White TIN is an almost silver-white, ductile, malleable, lustrous solid. Mp 232°C; bp: 2507°C. Density: 7.3 g cm-3. Pure white TIN becomes non-metallic powdery gray TIN if held for a sustained period at temperatures less than 13°C.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
TIN is a reducing agent. Stable in massive form in air, but oxidizes (corrodes) in air as a powder, especially in the presence of water. Dissolve slowly in dilute strong acids in the cold. Dissolves in hot aqueous KOH and other strongly basic solutions. Incompatible with acids and base. Incompatible with chlorine and turpenTINe.
Hazard
Tin, as the elemental metal, is nontoxic. Most, but not all of tin’s inorganic salts and compoundsare also nontoxic.
In contrast, almost all organic tin compounds (tin compounds composed of carbon andhydrocarbons) are very toxic and should be avoided. If they are used, special equipment andcare must be taken in handling.
(Note: When chemical formulas use the letter “R” preceding an element’s symbol, it designatessome form of organic compound—for example, R4Sn. If the letter “X” follows theelement’s symbol in a formula, it designates some form of inorganic compound—for example,SnX
2. Thus, a whole series of tin compounds could be designated as R
4Sn
2, R
2Sn, or SnX
4,SnX
2, and so forth.)
Health Hazard
Inorganic tin salts are irritants
of the eyes and skin.
No systemic effects have been reported
from industrial exposure. Some inorganic tin
compounds can cause skin or eye irritation
because of acid or alkaline reaction produced
with water. Tin tetrachloride, stannous chloride,
and stannous sulfate are strong acids;
sodium and potassium stannate are strong alkalies.
Industrielle Verwendung
Hot-dip coatings can be applied to fabricatedparts made of mild and alloy steels, cast iron,and copper and copper alloys to improveappearance and corrosion resistance. Like zinc,the coatings consist of two layers — a relativelypure outer layer and an intermediate alloy layer.
An invisible surface film of stannic oxideis formed during exposure, which helps toretard, but does not completely prevent, corrosion.The coatings have good resistance to tarnishingand staining indoors, and in most rural,marine, and industrial atmospheres. They alsoresist foods. Corrosion resistance in all casescan be markedly improved by increasing thicknessand controlling porosity. Typical applicationswhere they can be used are milk cans,condenser and transformer cans, food and beveragecontainers, and various items of sanitaryequipment such as cast iron mincing machinesand grinders.
Sicherheitsprofil
An inhalation hazard.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental
tumorigenic data by implant route.
Combustible in the form of dust when
exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical
reaction with Br2, BrF3, Cl2, ClF3, Cu(NO3),
K2O2, S. See also POWDERED METALS
and TIN COMPOUNDS.
m?gliche Exposition
The most important use of tin is as a protective coating for other metals, such as in the food and beverage canning industry; in roofing tiles; silverware, coated wire; household utensils; electronic components; and pistons. Common tin alloys are phosphor bronze; light brass; gun metal; high tensile brass; manganese bronze; die-casting alloys; bearing metals; type metal; and pewter. These are used as soft solders, fillers in automobile bodies; and as coatings for hydraulic brake parts; aircraft landing gear and engine parts. Metallic tin is used in the manufacture of collapsible tubes and foil for packaging. Exposures to tin may occur in mining, smelting, and refining; and in the production and use of tin alloys and solders. Inorganic tin compounds are important industrially in the production of ceramics; porcelain, enamel, glass; and inks; in the production of fungicides; anthelmintics, insecticides; as a stabilizer it is used in polyvinyl plastics and chlorinated rubber paints; and it is used in plating baths.
Carcinogenicity
Limited animal testing with stannous chloride
has not revealed evidence of carcinogenic
potential. Mixed results have been observed in
genotoxic assays.
Versand/Shipping
UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid.
l?uterung methode
Tin powder is purified by adding it to about twice its weight of 10% aqueousNaOH and shaking vigorously for 10minutes. (This removes oxide film and stearic acid or similar material that is sometimes added for pulverisation.) It is then filtered, washed with water until the washings are no longer alkaline to litmus, rinsed with MeOH and dried in air. [Sisido et al. J Am Chem Soc 83 538 1961.]
Inkompatibilit?ten
TIN is a reducing agent. Stable in bulk form in air, but as powder it corrodes (oxidizes) in air, especially in the presence of moisture. Keep away from strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Incompatible with acids, alkalies, bases, chlorine, turpentine; reacts violently with acetic aldehyde, ammonium nitrate, ammonium perchlorate, hexachloroethane. Strong reducing agents may react violently with halogens, bromine fluoride, chlorine trifluoride, copper nitrate, disulfur dichloride, nitrosyl fluoride, potassium dioxide, sodium peroxide, sulfur, and other chemicals. May form explosive compounds with hexachloroethane, pentachloroethane, picric acid, potassium iodate, potassium peroxide, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-1,3,5-triol.
Zinn Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
2-(Thien-2-yl)pyrrolidine
5,7-dichlorooxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine
Stannous chloride dihydrate
6-HYDROXY-2-NAPHTHALENEBORONIC ACID
Zinnbis(2-ethylhexanoat)
3,4-DIAMINOTHIOPHENE DIHYDROCHLORIDE
7-hydroxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one
6-Brom-3-(o-hydroxyphenylaminocarbonyl)-2-naphthylphosphat
Azocyclotin
Di-N-butylzinnoxid
2,4,5-Trimethoxyaniline
Zinntetrachlorid
Pirenoxin
4-chloroquinazolin-7-ol
2-Chlor-1,4-benzoldiamin
4-THIOPHEN-2-YLPHENYLAMINE
4-Aminobenzamidindihydrochlorid
Natriumtetrafluoroborat
4-(BROMOMETHYL)-2,1,3-BENZOTHIADIAZOLE
Fenbutatin oxide
ethyl 2-(4-chloroquinazolin-7-yloxy)acetate
Zinnmonoxid
Azocyclotin suspensoid
Zinnbis(tetrafluoroborat)
2,3,5-TRIMETHYL-1,4-BENZENE DIAMINE
Zinnchlorid
6-Methoxynaphthalin-2-carbaldehyd
Fentin-chlorid
Zinnsulfat
4-hydroxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid
2-Ethylhexyl-10-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-7-oxo-8-oxa-3,5-dithia-4-stannatetradecanoat
Zinndioxid
Azocyclotin W.P.
6-Ethoxy-2-mercaptobenzothiazol
Metazinnsure
