| Identification | More | [Name]
Chloral hydrate | [CAS]
302-17-0 | [Synonyms]
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-ethanediol
2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-ethanediol
2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHANE-1,1-DIOL
2,2,2-TRICHLOROETHANE-1,1-DIOL HYDRATE
CHLORAL HYDRATE
'GROUND JOINT SEPARATION AID'
'SCHLIFF-AUF'
TRICHLOROACETALDEHYDE HYDRATE
TRICHLOROACETALDEHYDE MONOHYDRATE
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2-dihydroxyethane
1,1-Ethanediol, 2,2,2-trichloro-
1,1-Ethanediol,2,2,2-trichloro-
1-Ethanediol,2,2,2-trichloro-1
2,2,2-trichloro-1-ethanediol
Amylofene
Aquachloral
Bi 3411
bi3411
Chloradorm
Chloral monohydrate | [EINECS(EC#)]
206-117-5 | [Molecular Formula]
C2H3Cl3O2 | [MDL Number]
MFCD00044479 | [Molecular Weight]
165.4 | [MOL File]
302-17-0.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
Chloral is a combustible, oily liquid with a
pungent irritating odor. | [Melting point ]
57 °C(lit.)
| [Boiling point ]
97 °C
| [density ]
1.43 g/mL at 20 °C
| [vapor pressure ]
19.998hPa at 25℃ | [refractive index ]
1.4603 (estimate) | [Fp ]
16 °C | [storage temp. ]
0-6°C
| [solubility ]
Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 per cent). | [form ]
A crystalline solid | [pka]
10(at 25℃) | [Specific Gravity]
1.91 | [PH]
3.5-5.5 (20℃, 10%) | [Stability:]
Stable, but may be air or light sensitive. Incompatible with alcohols, cyanides, iodine, strong bases, carbonates. | [Water Solubility ]
660 g/100 mL | [Merck ]
13,2080 | [BRN ]
1698497 | [Dielectric constant]
5.5（15℃） | [InChIKey]
RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N | [LogP]
1.092 at 25℃ | [CAS DataBase Reference]
302-17-0(CAS DataBase Reference) | [IARC]
2A (Vol. 63, 84, 106) 2014 | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
Chloral hydrate(302-17-0) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
302-17-0(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
T,F | [Risk Statements ]
R25:Toxic if swallowed.
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin .
R39/23/24/25:Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R23/24/25:Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R11:Highly Flammable.
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin . | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) .
S25:Avoid contact with eyes .
S23:Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapor/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer) .
S36/37:Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking .
S27:Take off immediately all contaminated clothing . | [RIDADR ]
UN 3286 3/PG 2
| [WGK Germany ]
2
| [RTECS ]
FM8750000
| [HazardClass ]
6.1(b) | [PackingGroup ]
III | [HS Code ]
29055900 | [Safety Profile]
A human poison by
ingestion and possibly other routes. Poison
experimentally by ingestion, intravenous,
and rectal routes. Moderately toxic by
subcutaneous, parenteral, and intraperitoneal
routes, Experimental reproductive effects.
Human systemic effects by ingestion:
general anesthetic, cardiac arrhythmias,
blood pressure depression, eye effects,
coma, pulse rate increase, arrhythmias.
Human mutation data reported.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental
carcinogenic and tumorigenic data by skin
contact. A sedative, anesthetic, and narcotic.
Combustible when exposed to heat or
flame. When heated to decomposition it
emits toxic fumes of Cl-. | [Hazardous Substances Data]
302-17-0(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
LD50 oral in rat: 479mg/kg |
| Raw materials And Preparation Products | Back Directory | [Raw materials]
Ethanol-->Chlorine-->Calcium carbonate-->Hydroquinone-->Chloral | [Preparation Products]
Chloral-->Trichloroacetic acid-->5-Methoxy-3-indazolecarboxylic acid-->1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDRO-9-ACRIDINAMINE-->Tenidap-->5-Methoxyisatin-->6-Bromoisatin-->2-AMINO-5,6-DICHLOROBENZOIC ACID-->Etodolac-->4,4'-DDT-->2-Oxiranecarboxylicacid, 3-(trichloromethyl)-, ethyl ester-->5-Chloroisatin-->DCU-->1H,1H,9H-Hexadecafluoro-1-nonanol-->4,7-DIFLUOROISATIN-->5,6-difluoro-indoline-2,3-dione-->2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-butanol |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [General Description]
Transparent colorless crystals or white crystalline solid. Aromatic penetrating slightly acrid odor and a slightly bitter caustic taste. Alcoholic solution (1 in 20) does not at once redden moistened blue litmus paper. | [Reactivity Profile]
CHLORAL HYDRATE(302-17-0) is incompatible with alkalis, alkaline earth metals, alkali carbonates and soluble barbiturates. CHLORAL HYDRATE(302-17-0) is decomposed by sodium hydroxide. CHLORAL HYDRATE(302-17-0) reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate. CHLORAL HYDRATE(302-17-0) liquefies when triturated with an equal quantity of menthol, camphor or thymol. . Reaction of CHLORAL HYDRATE(302-17-0) with hydroxylamine produces toxic hydrogen cyanide gas, Org. Synth., 1941, Vol. 1, 377. | [Air & Water Reactions]
Water soluble. | [Hazard]
Overdose toxic, hypnotic drug, dangerous
to eyes. Probable carcinogen. | [Potential Exposure]
Chloral is used as an intermediate
in the manufacture of such pesticides as DDT, methoxychlor, DDVP, naled, trichlorfon, and TCA. Chloral is
also used in the production of chloral hydrate; used as
a therapeutic agent with hypnotic, sedative, and narcotic
effects; used in a time prior to the introduction of
barbiturates | [Fire Hazard]
Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, CHLORAL HYDRATE is probably combustible. | [First aid]
Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency
medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not
breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim
ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration
with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve
or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance,
immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least
20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material
on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of
exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance
may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of
the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Medical observation is recommended for 24 to
48 hours after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary edema
may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor
or authorized paramedic may consider administering a drug
or other inhalation therapy. | [Shipping]
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical
Name Required. | [Incompatibilities]
Chloral hydrate reacts with strong bases
forming chloroform. Contact with acids, or exposure to
light may cause polymerization. Reacts with water, forming
chloral hydrate. Reacts with oxidizers, with a risk of fire or
explosions. | [Description]
Chloral hydrate was first synthesized in 1832 by Justus von
Liebig and was the first synthetic central nervous system (CNS)
depressant. It was used to treat delirium tremens, insomnia,
and anxiety, although it is considered an unapproved drug by
the US Food and Drug Administration. Initially considered to
be a safer alternative to opium, it was noted to produce rapid
unconsciousness when combined with ethanol. Physical
dependence can occur with chronic use. | [Chemical Properties]
Chloral is a combustible, oily liquid with a
pungent irritating odor. | [Chemical Properties]
colourless crystals with a pentrating odour | [Waste Disposal]
Incineration after mixing with
another combustible fuel; care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent phosgene formation; an acid
scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced. | [Uses]
Chloral hydrate is used as a sedative hypnotic, more
commonly in pediatrics. With the advent of newer sedative
hypnotics, its use has significantly decreased. It is also a drug
of abuse, particularly in combination with ethanol to
produce an amnestic effect in an individual who ingests it
unknowingly. | [Uses]
The sedative–hypnotic action of chloral hydrate should be explained by the formation of
trichloroethanol, which is synthesized as a result of its reduction in tissues. Despite the fact
that the precise mechanism of action of chloral hydrate is not known, it evidently acts analogous to ethanol on the CNS by increasing membrane permeability, which leads to sedation
or sleep. Chloral hydrate can be used for insomnia as an alternative to benzodiazepines. | [Uses]
Trichloroacetaldehyde Hydrate is a useful chemical reagent used as a sedative/hypnotic agent for the short-term treatment of insomnia. First developed in 1832, chloral hydrate is the oldest sleep medication still in use today. This medication is also used to calm you just before surgery or other procedures. It works by affecting certain parts of the brain to cause calmness.
Studies have shown that when used in pediatric sedation side effects such as hallucination, excessive sleep and seizures were observed. Drowsiness and trouble waking up in the morning, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, and headache may occur. Stomach problems can be reduced by taking chloral hydrate with a full glass of water. It is sometimes administered to patients being treated with cyclophosphamide and it is known to inhibit some aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Besides, Chloral hydrate is a starting point for the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is the starting material for the production of chloral, which is produced by the distillation of a mixture of chloral hydrate and sulfuric acid, which serves as the desiccant.
| [Definition]
ChEBI: An organochlorine compound that is the hydrate of trichloroacetaldehyde. | [Biological Functions]
Chloral hydrate (Noctec, Somnos) was developed in
the late 1800s and is still used as a sedative–hypnotic
agent. It is a hydrated aldehyde with a disagreeable
smell and taste that is rapidly reduced in vivo to
trichloroethanol, which is considered to be the active
metabolite. It produces a high incidence of gastric irritation
and allergic responses, occasionally causes cardiac
arrhythmias, and is unreliable in patients with liver
damage. | [Flammability and Explosibility]
Nonflammable | [Biochem/physiol Actions]
Chloral hydrate is a sedative/hypnotic. | [Clinical Use]
Although it is suggested that chloral hydrate per semay act as a hypnotic,chloral hydrate is very quickly convertedto trichloroethanol, which is generally assumed toaccount for almost all of the hypnotic effect. Thetrichloroethanol is metabolized by oxidation to chloral andthen to the inactive metabolite, trichloracetic acid, which is also extensively metabolized to acylglucuronidesvia conjugation with glucuronic acid. It appears tohave potent barbiturate-like binding to GABAAreceptors.Although an old drug, it still finds use as a sedative in nonoperatingroom procedures for the pediatric patient. | [Synthesis]
Chloral hydrate, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethandiol (4.3.1), is synthesized
either by chlorination of ethanol or chlorination of acetaldehyde and the subsequent addition of water molecules to the resulting trichloroacetic aldehyde [31].
| [Drug interactions]
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Anticoagulants: may transiently enhance effect of
coumarins.
Antipsychotics: enhanced sedative effects.
Antivirals: concentration possibly increased by
ritonavir. | [Carcinogenicity]
Chloral hydrate has not been adequately tested for teratogenicity,
reproductive effects, or chronic toxicity. Similarly, no
histological evaluations have been conducted. | [Environmental Fate]
Chloral hydrate is a CNS depressant, but its mechanism of
action is not well known. Coingestion with ethanol produces
enhanced effects by several mechanisms. First, ethanol
competes for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which then
prolongs the half-life of ethanol. The metabolism of ethanol
generates the reduced form of NADH, which is a cofactor for
the metabolism of chloral hydrate to its active metabolite
trichloroethanol. Finally, ethanol inhibits the conjugation of
trichloroethanol to its inactive form urochloralic acid. This
results in enhanced CNS depression. | [Metabolism]
Chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolised to trichloroethanol
(the active metabolite) and trichloroacetic acid in the
erythrocytes, liver, and other tissues. It is excreted partly
in the urine as trichloroethanol and its glucuronide
(urochloralic acid) and as trichloroacetic acid. Some is
also excreted in the bile. | [Toxicity evaluation]
Chloral hydrate has been detected at 5 mg l-1 in the US drinking
water supply. Although chloral hydrate does not exist naturally,
it can be produced as a by-product of chlorination of water at
water treatment facilities, specifically in exposed water with
high amounts of humic and fulvic substances. |
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