Mangan Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
GRAU- WEISSES PULVER
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Staubexplosion der pulverisierten oder granulierten Substanz in Gemischen mit Luft m?glich.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Reagiert langsam mit Wasser,schneller mit Wasserdampf und S?uren unter Bildung brennbarer/explosionsf?higer Gase (z.B. Wasserstoff, ICSC-Nr. 0001). Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: (0.2) mg/m?(als TWA); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 0.5 mg/m?(Einatembare Fraktion); Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2008).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation des Aerosols und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachl?ssigbar; eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch beim Dispergieren schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Das Aerosol reizt die Atemwege.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf Lungeund Zentralnervensystem. Führt zu erh?hter Anf?lligkeit für Bronchitis, Lungenentzündung und neurologischen, neuropsychiatrischen Erkrankungen (Manganismus). Tierversuche zeigen, dass die Substanz m?glicherweise fruchtbarkeitssch?digend oder entwicklungssch?digend wirken kann.
LECKAGE
Verschüttetes Material in Beh?ltern sammeln. Reste sorgf?ltig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzger?t, P2-Filter für sch?dliche Partikel.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
R15:Reagiert mit Wasser unter Bildung hochentzündlicher Gase.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R34:Verursacht Ver?tzungen.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S43:Zum L?schen . . . (vom Hersteller anzugeben) verwenden (wenn Wasser die Gefahr erh?ht, anfügen: "Kein Wasser verwenden").
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S27:Beschmutzte, getr?nkte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Beschreibung
Manganese occurs as a free element in nature and is ubiquitous
in the environment. The origin and uses of this black mineral
date back to the Greek golden period. Manganese was known
as pyrolusite or manganese dioxide. A Swedish chemist, Carl
Wilhelm Scheele, used pyrolusite to produce chlorine in the
mid-eighteenth century. But not until 1774 was manganese
isolated and purified as a metal by Johan Gottlieb Gahn by
reducing the dioxide with carbon. Manganese is an essential
element for humans and animals.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Manganese is a combustible, lustrous, brittle,
silvery soft metal. It may be found in chunks, powder, or
flakes. The most important ore containing manganese is
pyrolusite. Manganese may also be produced from ferrous
scrap used in the production of electric and open-hearth
steel.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Manganese is a reactive metal that has several oxidation states (2, 3, 4, 6, and 7) thatare responsible for its varied chemical compounds. The chemical and physical properties ofmanganese are similar to the properties of its companions in group 7—technetium (
43Tc) andrhenium (
75Re).Pure manganese is a gray-white metal that is somewhat similar to iron, located just to theright of it in period 4. Manganese is a reactive element that, over time, will decompose in coldwater and will rust (oxidize) in moist air. It has magnetic properties but is not as magnetic asiron. Its melting point is 1,233°C, its boiling point is 1962°C, and its density is 7.44 g/cm
3.
Isotopes
There are 30 isotopes of manganese, ranging from Mn-44 to Mn-69, with onlyone being stable: Mn-55 makes up 100% of the element in the Earth’s crust. All theother isotopes are artificially radioactive with half-lives ranging from 70 nanoseconds to3.7×10
6 years. Artificial radioisotopes are produced in nuclear reactors, and becausemost radioactive isotopes are not natural, they do not contribute to the element’s naturalexistence on Earth.
Origin of Name
The name manganese is derived from the mineral magnesite (or dolomite, a compound of magnesium carbonate), which was mined in the region of Magnesia of ancient Greece.
Charakteristisch
There are four allotropic forms of manganese, which means each of its allotropes has a different crystal form and molecular structure. Therefore, each allotrope exhibits different chemical and physical properties (see the forms of carbon—diamond, carbon black, and graphite).The alpha (α) allotrope is stable at room temperature whereas the gamma (γ) form is soft,bendable, and easy to cut. The delta ? allotrope exists only at temperatures above 1,100°C. Asa pure metal, it cannot be worked into different shapes because it is too brittle. Manganese isresponsible for the color in amethyst crystals and is used to make amethyst-colored glass.
Verwenden
In manufacture of steel; for rock crushers, railway points and crossings, wagon buffers; as a constituent of several alloys, e.g., ferromanganese, copper manganese, Manganin.
Definition
A transition
metal occurring naturally as oxides,
e.g. pyrolusite (MnO
2). Nodules found on
the ocean floor are about 25% manganese.
Its main use is in alloy steels made by
adding pyrolusite to iron ore in an electric
furnace. Manganese decomposes cold
water and dilute acids to give hydrogen
and reacts with oxygen and nitrogen when
heated. The oxidation states are +7, +6, +4,
and (the most stable) +2. Manganese(II)
salts are pale pink and with alkali the solutions
precipitate manganese(II) hydroxide,
which rapidly oxidizes in air to brown
manganese(III) oxide.
Symbol: Mn; m.p. 1244°C; b.p.
1962°C; r.d. 7.44 (20%C); p.n. 25; r.a.m.
54.93805.
Vorbereitung Methode
World manganese ore production was estimated to be
13.3 million ton (as manganese) in 2008. Top five
manganese-producing countries were South Africa,
Australia, China, Gabon, and Brazil. World manganese
ferroalloy production in 2008 was 13.2 million ton (MT)
(10). Metallurgical applications account for most manganese
consumption. In the United States, 85–90% of this is for
steelmaking. Manganese is essential in iron and steel
production because of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and
alloying properties. As an alloying agent in finished steel,
manganese contributes increased strength, hardness, and
corrosion resistance. Practically all steels contain manganese;
low-carbon steels contain 0.15–0.8% manganese,
whereas high-strength steels contain over 1% manganese.
Stainless steels typically contain about 1% manganese, but
there are manganese-stainless steels (200 series stainless
steels) where nickel is replaced partly or entirely by manganese,
resulting in manganese content of 4–16%.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A lustrous brittle silvery solid.
Air & Water Reaktionen
During a fire in an industrial bag filter, a mixture of aluminum and Manganese dusts was released and an explosion resulted [Occ. Haz. 28:185-7. 1946-47].
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
Manganese dust(finely divided) has been known to be pyrophoric. Powdered Manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly; with fluorine the reaction takes place with incandescence [Mellor 12:185, 344. 1946-47]. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with Manganese with incandescence and a feeble explosion [Mellor 12:188. 1946-47]. Manganese or potassium ignites in nitrogen dioxide [Ann. Chim. et Phys.(2) 2:317]. Manganese burns with a brilliant flame when heated in sulfur dioxide vapor [Mellor 12:187. 1946-47]. Contact with conc. hydrogen peroxide causes violent decomposition and/or ignition.
Hazard
Dust or powder is flammable. Use dry
chemical to extinguish. Toxic. Central nervous system impairment. Questionable carcinogen.
Sicherheitsprofil
Human systemic effects
by inhalation: degenerative brain changes,
change in motor activity, muscle weakness.
A skin and eye irritant. Questionable
carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic
data. Flammable and moderately explosive
in the form of dust or powder when
exposed to flame. The dust ma)' be
pyrophoric in air and may explode when
heated in carbon dioxide. Murtures of
aluminum dust and manganese dust may
explode in air. mxtures with ammonium
nitrate may explode when heated. The
powdered metal igmtes on contact with
fluorine, chlorine + heat, hydrogen
peroxide, bromine pentafluoride, sulfur
dioxide + heat. Violent reaction with NO2
and oxidants. Incandescent reaction with
phosphorus, nitryl fluoride, nitric acid. Wdl
react with water or steam to produce
hydrogen; can react with oxidizing materials.
To fight fire, use special dry chemical. See
also MANGANESE COMPOUNDS.
m?gliche Exposition
Manganese is used in the production
of steel; and in the manufacture of welding rod coatings
and fluxes; in the iron and steel industry in steel alloys,
e.g., ferro-manganese, silico-manganese, manganin, spiegeleisen; and as an agent to reduce oxygen and sulfur content of molten steel. Other alloys may be formed with
copper, zinc, and aluminum. Manganese and its compounds
are utilized in the manufacture of dry cell batteries (MnO2),
paints, varnishes, inks, dyes, matches, and firework; as a
fertilizer, disinfectant, bleaching agent; laboratory reagent;
drier for oils; an oxidizing agent in the chemical industry
particularly in the synthesis of potassium permanganate;
and as a decolorizer and coloring agent in the glass and
ceramics industry. Exposure may occur during the mining,
smelting, and refining of manganese; in the production
of various materials; and in welding operations with
manganese-coated rods. Manganese normally is ingested
as a trace nutrient in food. The average human intake is
approximately 10 mg/day
Versand/Shipping
UN3089 Metal powders, flammable, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN3077Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard
class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material,
Technical Name Required
Inkompatibilit?ten
Dust, powder, or finely divided material
has been known to be pyrophoric or explosive in air.
Compact, solid metallic magnesium is nonflammable.
Reacts with water (slowly), steam, or acid producing flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Incompatible with nitrogen
gas above 200C. Oxidizers, nitric acid; nitrogen, finely
divided aluminum and other metals; sulfur dioxide; carbon
dioxide 1 heat may cause fire and explosions
Waste disposal
Generators of waste (equal to
or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant,
EPA hazardous waste number N450, must conform to
USEPA regulations for storage, transportation, treatment,
and disposal of waste. Dispose of waste material as hazardous waste using a licensed disposal contractor to an
approved landfill. Dispose of contents and container to an
approved waste disposal plant. Containers must be disposed
of properly by following package label directions or by
contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. All
federal, state, and local environmental regulations must
be observed. Do not discharge into drains or sewers.
Manganese metal-sanitary landfill. Manganese chloride or
sulfate-chemical conversion to the oxide followed by land
filling, or conversion to the sulfate for use in fertilizer.
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.
Mangan Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
