Abstract

Immunomodulation in biotechnological processes requires an adequate level of specific, high-affinity recombinant antibodies expressed in the affected cells. Here, we report a new strategy to obtain a sensitive nanobody against the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) herbicide. Unlike the previous methods that used total peripheral blood lymphocytes, specific peripheral lymphocytes stained with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled 2,4-D coating antigen were isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting and used for phage display library construction. This strategy significantly reduced interference of anticarrier protein nanobody phages to small-molecule nanobody development and required only two cycles of panning to obtain the desired positive clones. Nb4–11, one of the most sensitive phage clones, showed good sensitivity and specificity against 2,4-D. Compared with previously reported 2,4-D nanobodies, the sequence of Nb4–11 exhibited completely different complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). The half-maximum inhibition concentration of the Nb4–11-based ic-ELISA was 29.3 ± 1.9 ng/mL. The Nb4–11 gene was subsequently transferred into Arabidopsis thaliana to confer herbicide resistance, and homozygous transgenic T3 lines were obtained. Stable expression of the 2,4-D nanobody in the model plant was confirmed via PCR, ic-ELISA, and Western blot analysis. In the dose-response bioassay, the transgenic T3 lines were resistant to 2 g of 2,4-D ai/ha. This work offers a new way to sort specific peripheral lymphocytes, efficiently develop nanobodies against small molecules, and create a novel mechanism for herbicide resistance based on the expression of nanobodies in plants.