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Castor oil

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? (1) ?? : ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?, ? ?? 4.0ppm ????? ??.

??(2) ? : ? ?? 5.0g? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ??? ?, ? ?? 2.0ppm ????? ??.

??(3) ?? : ? ?? 5.0g? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??(1 : 1) ? 50mL? ?? ?? ?????? ??. ? ? ???? ???? ???. ? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ????? ?, ? ?? 2 ????? ??.

??(4) ????? : ? ?? 1.5g? ??? ?? 250mL ????? ?? ????????? ??(?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? 3 : 1? ??? ?) 5mL? ??? ???, ???????? 250mL? ????? ????????? ?? 5mL? ????. ? ????? ?????? ???? 1?? ????? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ? 10mL? ???? 10? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ?? 0.5N ???????????? ????????? ??? ???? ? n-??? 15mL? ???? ???? ???? ?? n-??? 10mL?? ???? ? ???? ??? ????. ? ????? ???????? 1mL? ??? ??? ???? 0.5N ???????????? ?? ??? ? ??? ????. ????? ??? 0.5N ??????????? ??mL?? S? ?? ???? ??? mL?? B? ??. ??, ???? ???? ??? ?? 10g? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? 10mL? ???? ???????? 1mL? ???? ??? ???? 0.5N ???????????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? mL? A? ??. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?, ? ?? 160～168??? ??.
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? ? ? ??W : ????? ?? ??? ???(g)

? ? ? ??C : ?????? ?? ??? ???(g)

? (5) ??? : ? ?? 3g? ??? ?? 250mL ????? ?? 0.5N ?????????? 50mL? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ? 30? ?? 1?? ??? ?????. ? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????, ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?, ? ?? 176～185??? ??.

??(6) ???? : ? ?? ? 300mg? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????????? ??(1 : 1) 20mL ? ????? 25mL? ?? ? 500mL ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? 1?? ??? ?? ???? ? ??????? 20mL, ??? ?? ? 100mL? ??? ??? ???? 0.1N ??????????? ????. ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? 0.1N ?????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?, ? ?? 83～88??? ??.

? ? ? ??B : ???? 0.1N ?????????? ???(mL)

? ? ? ??S : ???? 0.1N ?????????? ???(mL)

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? (1) ? ??? 95% ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???.

??(2) ? ??? ??? 0.952～0.966??? ??.

??(3) ? ??? ??? ? 1.477～1.481??? ??.

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? ? ??? ??? ????(Ricinus communis L.)? ???? ???? ???????? ??????(ricinoleic acid)? ????? ?? ??????????.

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Dehydrated castor oil is a castor oil from which approximately 5% of the chemically combined water has been removed. Therefore it has drying properties similar to those of Tung oil. Dehydration is carried out by heating the oil in the presence of catalysts such as sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, clays and metal oxides. Dehydrated castor oil is a yellow oily liquid with characteristic odour.
Standard specifications
commercial grade pale grade special grade
refractive index (20°C) 1,482 - 1,483 1,482 - 1,483 1,482 - 1,483
specific gravity (15°C) 0,982 - 0,933 0,982 - 0,933 0,982 - 0,933
viscosity (25°C) Poise 1,6 - 2,8 1,6 - 2,8 1,6 - 2,8
viscosity Gardner scale G – I G – I G – I
colour max. 8 max. 6 max. 5
acid value mg KOH/g max.6 max. 4
iodine value (Wijs) g I2/100g min. 130 min. 130 min. 130
hydroxyl value mg KOH/g max. 25 max. 20

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The oil is a pale-yellowish or almost colorless, transparent viscid liquid. It is soluble in alcohol, and is miscible with absolute alcohol, glacial acetic acid, chloroform and ether.

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Castor is a perennial found in India and Africa.

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castor oil is a highly emollient carrier oil that penetrates the skin easily, leaving it soft and supple. It also serves to bind the different ingredients of a cosmetic formulation together. Castor oil is high in glycerin esters of ricinoleic acid (an unsaturated fatty acid). It is rarely, if ever, associated with irritation of the skin or allergic reactions. It is obtained through cold-pressing from seeds or beans of the Ricinus communis (castor oil) plant. Impure castor oil may cause irritation, as the seeds contain a toxic substance that is eliminated during processing. Its unpleasant odor makes it difficult to use in cosmetics.

Indications

Castor oil is a bland oil that is hydrolyzed in the gut to yield ricinoleic acid, the active purging agent. This hydrolysis requires bile, a fact that is sometimes overlooked when castor oil is given as a laxative before radiography in biliary obstruction.The ricinoleic acid acts on the ileum and colon to induce an increased fluid secretion and colonic contraction.

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castor oil: A pale-coloured oil extractedfrom the castor-oil plant. Itcontains a mixture of glyceridesof fatty acids, the predominantacid being ricinoleic acid,C₁₇H₃₂(OH)COOH. It is used as adrying oil in paints and varnishesand medically as a laxative.

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Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold-expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linne (Fam. Euphorbiaceae). No other substances are added to the oil.

Essential oil composition

The oil is a mixture of triglycerides of which 75 to 90% is ricinoleic acid.* This mixture is hydrolyzed to release ricinoleic acid, which exerts a cathartic effect. The cake remaining after the extraction of the oil is the castor pomace. The phytotoxins ricin and ricinine are found in the seed cake and oil. Ricin is a glycoproptein containing neutral A chain and acidic B chain connected by disulfur bonds.

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Pale-yellow or almost colorless transparent viscous liquid with a faint mild odor and nauseating taste. Density 0.95 g / cm3. A mixture of glycerides, chiefly ricinolein (the glyceride of ricinoleic acid) .

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Insoluble in water.

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Castor oil can develop heat spontaneously in the air. [Hawley]. Reacts with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Heat is also generated by interaction with caustic solutions. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides.

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Undergoes spontaneous heating.

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If ingested causes severe diarrhea.

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Castor oil is combustible.

Pharmaceutical Applications

Castor oil is widely used in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations. In pharmaceutical formulations, castor oil is most commonly used in topical creams and ointments at concentrations of 5–12.5%. However, it is also used in oral tablet and capsule formulations, ophthalmic emulsions, and as a solvent in intramuscular injections.
Therapeutically, castor oil has been administered orally for its laxative action, but such use is now obsolete.

Clinical Use

Castor oil is a bland oil that is hydrolyzed in the gut to yield ricinoleic acid, the active purging agent. This hydrolysis requires bile, a fact that is sometimes overlooked when castor oil is given as a laxative before radiography in biliary obstruction.

Safety Profile

An allergen. A human skin and eye irritant. Combustible when exposed to heat. Spontaneous heating may occur. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, fog, mist. See also CASTOR BEAN.

Safety

Castor oil is used in cosmetics and foods and orally, parenterally, and topically in pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material when used as an excipient.
Castor oil has been used therapeutically as a laxative and oral administration of large quantities may cause nausea, vomiting, colic, and severe purgation. It should not be given when intestinal obstruction is present.
Although widely used in topical preparations, including ophthalmic formulations, castor oil has been associated with some reports of allergic contact dermatitis, mainly to cosmetics such as lipsticks.

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Castor oil is stable and does not turn rancid unless subjected to excessive heat. On heating at 3008℃ for several hours, castor oil polymerizes and becomes soluble in mineral oil. When cooled to 08℃, it becomes more viscous.
Castor oil should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 258℃ in well-filled airtight containers protected from light.

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Castor oil is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Regulatory Status

GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM injections; ophthalmic emulsions; oral capsules and tablets; topical creams, emulsions, ointments, and solutions). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.

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