ヘキサン 化學特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色澄明の液體
性質(zhì)
C6H14(86.18)．CH3(CH2)4CH3．炭素數(shù)6のパラフィンには5種類の異性體が存在する．これら異性體を総稱する場合もあるが，そのうち直鎖狀のものをとくにヘキサンといい，n-ヘキサンとよばれることも多い．ヘキサンは，引火性の無色の液體．融點－95.35 ℃，沸點68.74 ℃．d
2540.65481．n
25D1.37226．爆発範囲1.3～6.9體積％．化學反応性は低い．用途はおもに溶剤であるが，混合物のヘキサン留分として各種油脂の抽出用溶剤，精油希釈剤，ゴムのり溶剤などに用いられる．
溶解性
水に難溶 (0.002g/100ml, 20℃), エタノール, エーテルに混和。エタノールに極めて溶けやすく、水にほとんど溶けない。
毒性
マウスに対する致死量は4萬ppm。水銀のかわりに溫度計の液體として用いられる。ヘキサンは，吸入すると気管を刺激する。高濃度では麻酔性を示す。水には不溶。エーテル、クロロホルムに可溶。溶剤として用いられるが、化學的用途としてとくに重要なものではない。［佐藤武雄］
解説
飽和直鎖炭化水素，n-C
6H
14．沸點68.7 ℃の無色液體．石油の精留によって製造される．溶媒あるいは溶剤としての用途が広い．溶媒用のものは沸點の近い異性體を含むが，精製技術(shù)が進歩したので，學術(shù)用のヘキサンにはかなり純粋に近いものがある．
用途
ビタミン類等の吸収スペクトル測定用溶媒。
用途
薄層クロマトグラフィー、ペーパークロマトグラフィーの展開溶媒。
用途
溶剤
用途
汎用試薬、低沸點溶剤、有機合成原料。
用途
生體試料中等のダイオキシン類の分析における溶媒。
用途
環(huán)境ホルモンの分析に使用します。
用途
液體クロマトグラフ分析用の溶離液及び溶離液調(diào)製用。
用途
汎用試薬、高純度を要する低沸點溶剤。
用途
精密分析、超高純度溶剤として個人専用試薬等。
製造法
ヘキサンは，石油系炭化水素の分解油および原油中に存在する．実験室的には，ヨウ化プロピル2分子を金屬ナトリウムで縮合させるか，1-，2-，または3-ヘキセンをニッケル觸媒などを用いて水素化すると得られる．工業(yè)的には，ナフサから精密蒸留によって分離し，ベンゼンそのほかの混在成分を除去精製すると得られる．
主な用途／役割
溶剤型接著剤、エマルション系接著剤、エアゾール接著剤に使用される。
化學的特性
n-Hexane is a highly flammable liquid, usually isolated from crude oil, and has extensive industrial applications as a solvent in adhesive bandage factories and other industries.
It is highly toxic, triggering several adverse health effects, i.e., nausea, skin irritation, dizziness, numbness of limbs, CNS depression, vertigo, and respiratory tract irritation to animals and humans. Occupational exposure of industrial workers has demonstrated motor polyneuropathy. Workers associated with long-term glue sniffi ng showed adverse effects in the form of degeneration of axons and nerve terminals.
物理的性質(zhì)
Clear, colorless, very flammable liquid with a faint, gasoline-like odor. An odor threshold
concentration of 1.5 ppm
v was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990).
使用
n-Hexane is a chief constituent of petroleumether, gasoline, and rubber solvent. It is usedas a solvent for adhesives, vegetable oils,and in organic analysis, and for denaturingalcohol.
定義
ChEBI: An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.
一般的な説明
Clear colorless liquids with a petroleum-like odor. Flash points -9°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air. Used as a solvent, paint thinner, and chemical reaction medium.
空気と水の反応
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.
反応プロフィール
HEXANE may be sensitive to light. Hexane may also be sensitive to prolonged exposure to heat. Hexane can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. This would include compounds such as liquid chlorine, concentrated O2, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite. Hexane is also incompatible with dinitrogen tetraoxide. Hexane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. .
危険性
Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
健康ハザード
n-Hexane is a respiratory tract irritant andat high concentrations a narcotic. Its acutetoxicity is greater than that of n-pentane.Exposure to a concentration of 40,000 ppmfor an hour caused convulsions and death inmice. In humans a 10-minute exposure toabout 5000 ppm may produce hallucination,distorted vision, headache, dizziness, nausea,and irritation of eyes and throat. Chronicexposure to n-hexane may cause polyneuritis.
The metabolites of n-hexane injected inguinea pigs were reported as 2,5- hexanedioneand 5-hydroxy-2-hexanone, which arealso metabolites of methyl butyl ketone(DiVincenzo et al. 1976). Thus methyl butylketone and n- hexane should have similartoxicities. The neurotoxic metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione, however, is produced considerablyless in n-hexane. However, in the caseof hexane, the neurotoxic metabolite 2,5-hexanedione is produced to a much lesserextent. Continuous exposure to 250 ppmn-hexane produced neurotoxic effects in animals. Occupational exposure to 500 ppmmay cause polyneuropathy (ACGIH 1986).
Inhalation of n-hexane vapors have shownreproductive effects in rats and mice.
燃焼性と爆発性
Hexane is extremely flammable (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a
considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Hexane vapor forms
explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.1 to 7.5 % (by volume).
Hydrocarbons of significantly higher molecular weight have correspondingly higher
vapor pressures and therefore present a reduced flammability hazard. Carbon
dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for hexane fires.
化學反応性
Reactivity with Water: No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
職業(yè)ばく露
n-Hexane is industrial chemical, emul sifier, in manufacture of plastics, resins; as a solvent, par ticularly in the extraction of edible fats and oils; as a
laboratory reagent; and as the liquid in low temperature
thermometers. Technical and commercial grades consist of
45 85% hexane, as well as cyclopentanes, isohexane, and
1% to 6% benzene.
発がん性
Male rabbits exposed to
3000 ppm hexane (8 h/day, 6 days/week for 24 weeks)
developed papillary proliferation of nonciliated bronchiolar
cells. No tumors were found in mice painted with
hexane and croton oil as cocarcinogen, presumably for the
lifetime of each animal. Hexane is inactive as a tumorpromoting
agent.
環(huán)境運命予測
Biological. Hexane may biodegrade in two ways. The first is the formation of hexyl hydroperoxide,
which decomposes to 1-hexanol followed by oxidation to hexanoic acid. The other
pathway involves dehydrogenation to 1-hexene, which may react with water giving 1-hexanol
(Dugan, 1972). Microorganisms can oxidize alkanes under aerobic conditions (Singer and
Finnerty, 1984). The most common degradative pathway involves the oxidation of the terminal
methyl group forming 1-hexanol. The alcohol may undergo a series of dehydrogenation steps
forming a hexanal followed by oxidation to form hexanoic acid. The fatty acid may then be
metabolized by β-oxidation to form the mineralization products, carbon dioxide and water (Singer
and Finnerty, 1984).
Photolytic. An aqueous solution irradiated by UV light at 50 °C for 1 d resulted in a 50.51%
yield of carbon dioxide (Knoevenagel and Himmelreich, 1976). Synthetic air containing gaseous
nitrous acid and exposed to artificial sunlight (λ = 300–450 nm) photooxidized hexane into two
isomers of hexyl nitrate and peroxyacetal nitrate (Cox et al., 1980).
Chemical/Physical. Complete combustion in air yields carbon dioxide and water vapor.
貯蔵
hexane should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and
quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in
areas separate from oxidizers.
輸送方法
UN1208 Hexanes, Hazard Class: 3; Labels:
3-Flammable liquid.
合成方法
ベンゼンの水素化の副反応により生成する
純化方法
Purify as for n-heptane. Modifications include the use of chlorosulfonic acid or 35% fuming H2SO4 instead of conc H2SO4 in washing the alkane, and final drying and distilling from sodium hydride. Unsaturated impurities can be removed by shaking the hexane with nitrating acid (58% H2SO4, 25% conc HNO3, 17% water, or 50% HNO3, 50% H2SO4), then washing the hydrocarbon layer with conc H2SO4, followed by H2O, drying, and distilling over sodium or n-butyl lithium. It can also be purified by distillation under nitrogen from sodium benzophenone ketyl solubilised with tetraglyme. Also purify it by passage through a silica gel column followed by distillation [Kajii et al. J Phys Chem 91 2791 1987]. It is a FLAMMABLE liquid and a possible nerve toxin. [Beilstein 1 IV 338.] Rapid purification: Distil, discarding the first forerun and stored over 4A molecular sieves.
不和合性
May form explosive mixture with air.
Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire and explo sions. Contact with dinitrogen tetraoxide may explode @
28℃.Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings. May
accumulate static electrical charges, and may cause ignition
of its vapors.
廃棄物の処理
Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinera tor equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal,
state, and local environmental regulations must be
observed.
ヘキサン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
RAPESEEDOIL,SUPERGLYCERINATED,FULLYHYDROGENATED
2-(2-ISOPROPYLPHENYL)-4,4,5,5-TETRAMETHYL-1,3,2-DIOXABOROLANE
Mono-caprylin glycerate
1-メチル-2-ホルミル-1H-イミダゾール
Maize yellIow
2-(4-chlorop henyl)-4，5-dihydro-1-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyr role-3-carbonitrile
(1R,3S)‐3‐アミノシクロペンタンカルボン酸
1,1'-フェロセンジカルボキシアルデヒド
カノラ油
1 1'-BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)FERROCENE
(2,2-DIMETHYL-PROPYL)-HYDRAZINE
N-メチル-o-トルイジン
3-クロロベンゾ[b]チオフェン-2-カルボヒドラジド
1,2-ビス(ジメチルシリル)ベンゼン
ビス(ジイソプロピルアミノ)クロロホスフィン
5-ブロモピコリン酸
TERT-BUTYL 4-FORMYL-2-METHOXYPHENYL CARB ONATE, 99
TERT-BUTYL 3-FORMYLPYRIDIN-4-YLCARBAMATE
シアノメチレントリブチルホスホラン
2,5-ジクロロイソニコチン酸
3-クロロベンゾ[b]チオフェン-2-カルボニルクロリド
Capsicum red pigment
L-カルニチンL-酒石酸
3-クロロベンゾ[b]チオフェン-2-カルボン酸メチル
3-クロロベンゾ[b]チオフェン-2-カルボン酸
アナトー色素
3-アセトキシ安息香酸
ビス(ジエチルアミノ)クロロホスフィン
1-ジフェニルホスフィノ-1'-(ジ-T-ブチルホスフィノ)フェロセン
4-BOC-アミノニコチン酸
1,1'-ビス(ジイソプロピルホスフィノ)フェロセン
2-[(2-フラニルメチル)[(1H-イミダゾール-1-イル)カルボニル]アミノ]ブタン酸4-ペンテニル
3,4-ジヒドロ-2H-1,5-ベンゾジオキセピン-7-カルブアルデヒド
(1R,4S)-4-アミノシクロペント-2-エンカルボン酸
2'-ブロモアセトアニリド
5-クロロ-2-ニトロベンズアルデヒド
(3-HYDROXYMETHYL-PYRIDIN-4-YL)-CARBAMIC ACID TERT-BUTYL ESTER
[ビス(トリフルオロアセトキシ)ヨード]ベンゼン
1-(2-メトキシフェニル)ピペラジン
4-ヒドロキシ-7-(トリフルオロメチル)-3-キノリンカルボン酸エチル