Manure Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung
Manure is organic matter, either of vegetative or animal
origin. It is spread or incorporated in soil for enhancing
the nutrient value of the soil for the benefit of the plants.
Organic manure acts as a soil conditioner, increases
water holding capacity of soil, maintains soil structure,
provides nutrient fertility to the soil, and helps prevent
soil erosion (through vegetative manure like litter, straw,
green clippings)
Animal manure is the oldest known fertilizer. It is a
good way of disposing large quantities of animal waste
created in farms. Commonly used animal manures are
horse manure, sheep manure, cattle manure, pig manure,
poultry manure and fish manure. Manures of different
animals are often suitably mixed for use in specific crop
and soil conditions. For example, pig dung is considered
suitable for dry and hot conditions, whereas a mixture of
cow dung and poultry dung is considered an ideal manure
for rapeseed, lupines, peas and flowering plants.
Cow manure is the most basic manure, generally
accounting for the largest proportion in a manure
mixture. Cattle manure has 0.55 % K and is required in
quantities of 110 kg per 100 sq m.
Horse manure is coarse, light and dry. It is only half
as dense as other manures and is regarded as a fast acting
substance to stimulate growth. It is generally added to
cow manure or in combination with other manures.
Horse manure contains 0.65% N, 0.25% P and 0.5% K.
If incorporated exclusively, around 9 1 kg are required to
be added to 100 sq m area.
Sheep manure is considered most effective among
the non-poultry manures, since it promotes quick growth
of crops. It can be dried, bagged and sold. It contains 1 %
N, 0.75 % P and 0.40% K. Ideally, 90 kg of this manure
is required to be spread over a 100 sq m of land.
Cattle manure is cool, wet and restrained and
decomposes more easily than horse manure. It also has
less nitrogen loss compared to that from horse manure.
Pig manure is wet, runny, cold and slow acting. But
compared to horse manure, the nitrogen loss is less, and
rotting is faster. The nutrient value is 0.5% of N, 0.3 %
of P and 0.45 % of K. But larger quantities of around 100
kg are required to be spread or applied per 100 sq m of
land.
Poultry manure is acrid and considered the most
effective manure. The dry matter content is twice as
much in cattle and pig manure. The phosphorus content
is between 1 and 2 % which is considered quite high.
The constitution of each manure and its nutrient value
depend on factors such as fodder, the age of the animal,
the collection and storage system and processing
methods utilized, the animals chosen, the species of each
animal, etc.
Manures can be used on the field either in its fresh
form or after processing. Some types of manures can be
made are warm manure, cold manure, farmyard manure,
deep litter, slurry manure and compost. The basis of each
type is to use different components of manure, to
minimize the nutrient loss and change the kind of
decomposition process, as necessary.
Warm manure is a manure system that combines
aerobic and anaerobic decomposition in the manure heap.
Cold manure system is based on anaerobic
decomposition. Slurry manure is a mixture of all the
components of manure, like excreta, urine, wasted feed
and water, straw, etc. In the deep litter system of manure
making, litter is allowed to collect on a straw mat on
which animals walk. This manure becomes compacted.
Farmyard manure (FYM) is a type of manure made
from feces and other solid waste, like straw, bedding,
plant waste, etc. Generally, this manure mix is stored in
heaps to which fresh inputs are added.
Important parameters in manuring are the time of
application, machinery used and the method of manure
application.
Nutrient efficiency of manure depends on the time of
application and the surroundings. Adding manure just
prior to seeding is a common practice. Since manure
nutrients are released gradually, the applic
Manure Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
