| Identification | More | [Name]
CERIUM | [CAS]
7440-45-1 | [Synonyms]
CERIUM
CE000205
CE007910
CE000200
CE000220
CE005110
CE007950
CE000210
Ceriumingot
CERIUM METAL
CERIUM CHIPS
CERIUM, FOIL
cerium powder
Cerium, crude
CERIUM, 99.9%
Cerium, pieces
CERIUM FOIL, 3N
CERIUM TURNINGS
CERIUM STANDARD
Cerium,99.9%,ingot
Cerium foil50x50mm
Cerium foil25x25mm
Cerium Powder 99.9%
ingot,99.8%min(REO)
CERIUM ICP STANDARD
Cerium, Chips 99.9%
Ce Standard Solution
Ceriumfoil(99.9%REO)
CERIUM, INGOT, 99.9%
Ceriumingot(99.9%REO)
Ceriumchips(99.9%REO)
Cerium, ingot, 99.90%
Cerium Pieces < 13 mm
Cerium, 99.90%, ingot
Cerium, 99.90%, pieces
CERIUM CHIPS, 3N (REO)
CERIUM INGOT, 3N (REO)
Cerium, pieces, 99.90%
CERIUM ICP/DCP STANDARD
cerium,slabs,ingotsorrods
ANTIMONY 1,000PPM FOR ICP
CERIUM ISO 9001：2015 REACH
Cerium Rod 12.5 mm diameter
CERIUM, AAS STANDARD SOLUTION
Cerium rod, dia 12.7mm, 99.9%
Cerium rod, dia 6.35 mm, 99.9%
CeriuM, pieces, in Mineral oil
CERIUM SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD
CERIUM, POWDER, -40 MESH, 99.9%
CERIUM PLASMA EMISSION STANDARD
Cerium powder, -200 mesh, 99.9%
ANTIMONY SOLUTION ICP 1000 UG/ML
CERIUM, PLASMA STANDARD SOLUTION
CER ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY STANDARD
cerium turnings or gritty powder
Cerium rod, 12.7mm (0.5 in.) dia.
Cerium, Rare Earth Oxides Content
CERIUM ATOMIC ABSORPTION STANDARD
CERIUM, CHIP, 99.9% (UNDER ARGON)
Cerium foil, 1.0mm (0.04 in.) thick
Cerium,99.9%,pieces, in mineral oil
Cerium foil, 0.25mm (0.01 in.) thick
Cerium foil, 0.1mm (0.004 in.) thick
Cerium foil, 0.62mm (0.024 in.) thick
Cerium powder, -325 mesh, 99.9% (REO)
CeriuM powder, -200 Mesh, 99.9% (REO)
Cerium, pieces, in mineral oil, 99.9%
Cerium rod, &ap:6.35mm (0.25 in.) dia.
Ceriumpowder,-40mesh,REacton,99.9%(REO)
CERIUM ICP STANDARD TRACEABLE TO SRM FRO
Cerium, pieces or lumps, 10-30 mm, 99.9%
Cerium foil, 0.25mm (0.01in) thick, 99.9%
Cerium rods, 99,9%, 6,35mm x 150mm (+/-1mm)
Ceriumpieces,15mmanddown,REacton,99.9%(REO)
CERIUM PLASMA EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY STANDARD
Ceriumlump,vacuumremelted,REacton,99.95%(REO)
Cerium ingot, 99% trace rare earth metals basis
Cerium ingot, 99.5% trace rare earth metals basis
Cerium sputtering target, 50.8mm dia x 1.59mm thick
Cerium sputtering target, 50.8mm dia x 3.18mm thick
Cerium sputtering target, 76.2mm dia x 1.59mm thick
Cerium sputtering target, 76.2mm dia x 3.18mm thick
Cerium standard solution, 1 mg/ml Ce in 2% HNO3, for AAS
CeriuM, 99.9%, (trace Metal basis), pieces, in Mineral oil
Cerium ingot, under oil, 99.9% trace rare earth metals basis
Cerium powder, -40 mesh, 99.9% trace rare earth metals basis
Cerium rod, 6.35mm dia., 99.9% trace metals basis excluding Ta
Cerium rod, 12.7mm dia., 99.9% trace metals basis excluding Ta
Cerium rod, 12.7mm (0.5in) dia, 99.8% (metals basis excluding Ta) | [EINECS(EC#)]
231-154-9 | [Molecular Formula]
Ce | [MDL Number]
MFCD00010924 | [Molecular Weight]
140.12 | [MOL File]
7440-45-1.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Definition]
A rare-earth element of the lanthanide group of
the periodic table. Four stable isotopes.
| [Appearance]
grey metal pieces or blocks | [Melting point ]
795 °C(lit.)
| [Boiling point ]
3443 °C(lit.)
| [density ]
6.67 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
| [solubility ]
soluble in dilute acid solutions | [form ]
powder
| [color ]
Silver-gray | [Specific Gravity]
6.9 | [Resistivity]
73 μΩ-cm, 20°C | [Water Solubility ]
soluble dilute mineral acids [KIR78] | [Sensitive ]
Air & Moisture Sensitive | [Merck ]
13,2003 | [Exposure limits]
ACGIH: TWA 2 ppm; STEL 4 ppm
OSHA: TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3)
NIOSH: IDLH 25 ppm; TWA 2 ppm(5 mg/m3); STEL 4 ppm(10 mg/m3) | [History]
Cerium was discovered in 1803 by Klaproth and by Berzelius and
Hisinger; metal prepared by Hillebrand and Norton in 1875.
Cerium is the most abundant of the metals of the so-called
rare earths. It is found in a number of minerals including allanite
(also known as orthite), monazite, bastnasite, cerite, and
samarskite. Monazite and bastnasite are presently the two
most important sources of cerium. Large deposits of monazite
found on the beaches of Travancore, India, in river sands
in Brazil, and deposits of allanite in the western United States,
and bastnasite in Southern California will supply cerium, thorium,
and the other rare-earth metals for many years to come.
Metallic cerium is prepared by metallothermic reduction
techniques, such as by reducing cerous fluoride with calcium,
or by electrolysis of molten cerous chloride or other cerous halides.
The metallothermic technique is used to produce highpurity
cerium. Cerium is especially interesting because of its
variable electronic structure. The energy of the inner 4f level
is nearly the same as that of the outer or valence electrons,
and only small amounts of energy are required to change the
relative occupancy of these electronic levels. This gives rise
to dual valency states. For example, a volume change of about
10% occurs when cerium is subjected to high pressures or low
temperatures. It appears that the valence changes from about
3 to 4 when it is cooled or compressed. The low temperature
behavior of cerium is complex. Four allotropic modifications
are thought to exist: cerium at room temperature and at atmospheric
pressure is known as γ cerium. Upon cooling to
–16°C, γ cerium changes to β cerium. The remaining γ cerium
starts to change to α cerium when cooled to –172°C, and the
transformation is complete at –269°C. α Cerium has a density
of 8.16; δ cerium exists above 726°C. At atmospheric pressure,
liquid cerium is more dense than its solid form at the melting
point. Cerium is an iron-gray lustrous metal. It is malleable,
and oxidizes very readily at room temperature, especially in
moist air. Except for europium, cerium is the most reactive
of the “rare-earth” metals. It slowly decomposes in cold water,
and rapidly in hot water. Alkali solutions and dilute and
concentrated acids attack the metal rapidly. The pure metal is
likely to ignite if scratched with a knife. Ceric salts are orange
red or yellowish; cerous salts are usually white. Cerium is a
component of misch metal, which is extensively used in the
manufacture of pyrophoric alloys for cigarette lighters, etc.
Natural cerium is stable and contains four isotopes. Thirtytwo
other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. While
cerium is not radioactive, the impure commercial grade may
contain traces of thorium, which is radioactive. The oxide is
an important constituent of incandescent gas mantles and it
is emerging as a hydrocarbon catalyst in “self-cleaning” ovens.
In this application it can be incorporated into oven walls to
prevent the collection of cooking residues. As ceric sulfate it
finds extensive use as a volumetric oxidizing agent in quantitative
analysis. Cerium compounds are used in the manufacture
of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer.
The oxide is finding increased use as a glass polishing agent
instead of rouge, for it is much faster than rouge in polishing
glass surfaces. Cerium compounds are finding use in automobile
exhaust catalysts. Cerium is also finding use in making
permanent magnets. Cerium, with other rare earths, is used in
carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry.
It is also finding use as an important catalyst in petroleum refining
and in metallurgical and nuclear applications. In small
lots, cerium costs about $5/g (99.9%). | [CAS DataBase Reference]
7440-45-1(CAS DataBase Reference) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
Cerium (7440-45-1) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Chemical Properties]
grey metal ingots (in mineral oil) | [Uses]
In metallurgy as stabilizers in alloys and as an alternative to thorium oxide in welding electrodes. In glass as polishing agent, decolorizer to stabilize impurities, to render glass opaque to near uv radiation, to resist discoloration from strong light or high energy electron bombardment (as in television screens). In ceramics as an opacifying and strengthening agent. Catalysts to impart high cracking activity for crude oil processing, in automotive exhaust control devices, as combustion additive, polymerization initiator, paint drier, polymer stabilizer. As phosphor in fluorescent lamps, cathode ray tubes and thorium dioxide gas mantles. | [General Description]
Cerium is a gray colored, ductile solid. This form of cerium is slabs, ingots or rods. When heated to high temperatures CERIUM, SLABS, INGOTS OR RODS(7440-45-1) will burn readily and may be difficult to extinguish. CERIUM, SLABS, INGOTS OR RODS(7440-45-1) is used to make signaling devices. | [Reactivity Profile]
CERIUM is a strong reducing agent. Resembles aluminum in its chemical properties. [Lewis]. Reactivity is enhanced by a state of high physical subdivision, as in TURNINGS OR GRITTY POWDER. Attacked by dilute and concentrated mineral acids and alkalis with the generation of flammable gases. Readily oxidized by moist air at room temperature. Reacts with zinc with explosively violence. Gives very exothermic reactions with antimony or bismuth. Reacts violently with phosphorus at 400-500°C [Mellor 8, Supp. 3:347 1971]. | [Air & Water Reactions]
Finely divided metal powder is pyrophoric [Bretherick 1979 p. 170-171]. This material will react vigorously if exposed to water or moist air and will generate flammable and/or toxic fumes. | [Hazard]
May ignite on heating to 300F (148.9C).
Strong reducing agent.
| [Health Hazard]
Oxides from metallic fires are a severe health hazard. Inhalation or contact with substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. | [Fire Hazard]
May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. | [Description]
Cerium is a rare earth metal and the most abundant member of
the lanthanide series discovered by Jons J. Berzelius and W. von
Hisinger in 1803 in Sweden. Berzelius and Hisinger discovered
the new element in a rare reddish-brown mineral now known
as cerite, a cerium–lanthanide silicate. Although they could not
isolate the pure metal, they found that cerium had two
oxidation states: trivalent state (Ce3+, cerous, usually orangered)
and the tetravalent state (Ce4+, ceric, usually colorless).
Cerium is the only material known to have a solid-state critical
point. | [Physical properties]
Cerium is a grayish/iron-colored, very reactive metallic element that is attacked by bothacids and alkalies. Pure cerium will ignite if scratched with a knife, but it can be combinedsafely with many other elements and materials. It is relatively soft and both malleable andductile.
Its melting point is 798°C, its boiling point is 3,443°C, and its density is 6.770g/cm3. | [Isotopes]
There are 44 isotopes of cerium, four of which are considered stable. Ce-140accounts for most of the cerium (88.450%) found in the Earth’s crust, and Ce-138makes up just 0.251% of the element in the crust. There are two isotopes with half-liveslong enough to be considered stable: Ce-136 (0.185%), with a half-life of 0.7×10+14years, and Ce-142 (11.14%), with a half-life of 5×10+16 years. All the other isotopes areradioactive with half-lives ranging from 150 nanoseconds to 137.641 days. All are madeartificially. | [Origin of Name]
Named for the asteroid Ceres, which was discovered two years before
the element. | [Occurrence]
Cerium is the 25th most abundant element on Earth. It is also the most abundant rareearthmetal in the lanthanide series. Its major ores are monazite and bastnasite. Cerium isfound in the Earth’s crust in 46 ppm, which is about 0.0046% of the Earth’s crust. Ceriumis mixed with other elements in its ores, making it difficult to find, isolate, and identify. Itsexistence was unknown until about 1803.
Monazite sands contain most of the rare-earths. The sands of the beaches of Florida andparts of California contain monazite. Monazite is also found in South Africa, India, andBrazil. Bastnasite is found in southern California and New Mexico. | [Characteristics]
As a pure metal, cerium is unstable and will decompose rapidly in moist air. It also decomposesin hot water to form hydrogen. Its oxide compounds and halides are stable and have anumber of uses.
Cerium is separated from other rare-earth elements by an ion-exchange process in whichit reacts with fluoride. This compound is then reduced with calcium metal (3Ca +2CeF3 →2Ce + 3CaF3). Cerium can also be produced by the electrolysis of molten cerium salts. Themetal ion collects at the cathode, and the chlorine or fluorine gases of the salt compound atthe anode. | [Production Methods]
Cerium is obtained from its ores by chemical processing and separation. The process involves separation of cerium from other rare-earth metals present in the ore. The ore is crushed, ground, and treated with acid. The extract solution is buffered to pH 3-4 and the element is precipitated selectively as Ce4+ salt. Cerium also may be separated from other metals by an ionexchange process.
Also, the metal may be obtained by high temperature reduction of cerium(III) chloride with calcium:
2CeCl3 + 3Ca → 2Ce + 3CaCl2
| [Flammability and Explosibility]
Flammable | [Industrial uses]
A chemical element, cerium (Ce) is the mostabundant metallic element of the rare earthgroup in the periodic table. Cerium occursmixed with other rare earths in many minerals,particularly monazite and blastnasite, and isfound among the products of the fission of uranium,thorium, plutonium.
Ceric oxide, CeO2, is the oxide usuallyobtained when cerium salts of volatile acids areheated. CeO2 is an almost white powder that isinsoluble in most acids, although it can be dissolvedin H2SO4 or other acids when a reducingagent is present. The metal is an iron-gray colorand it oxidizes readily in air, forming a graycrust of oxide. Misch metal, an alloy of cerium,is used in the manufacture of lighter flints.Cerium has the interesting property that, at verylow temperatures or when subjected to highpressures, it exhibits a face-centered cubicform, which is diamagnetic and 18% denserthan the common form. | [Environmental Fate]
Cerium resembles aluminum in its biologic and chemical
properties. Cerium and cerium compounds have low to
moderate toxicity unless the associated anions are toxic.
Intratracheally administered nanoparticles tend to accumulate
in liver and cause damage there. | [Toxicity evaluation]
Although cerium is a rare earth element, it is relatively
abundant in the earth’s crust. It makes up about 0.0046% of
the Earth’s crust by weight and ranks 25th in occurrence at an
average distribution of 20–60 ppm. Cerium is a malleable,
soft, ductile, iron-gray metal, slightly harder than lead. It is
very reactive and readily tarnishes in the air. Cerium oxidizes
slowly in cold water and rapidly in hot water. It dissolves in
acids. Cerium can burn when heated or scratched with
a knife.
Cerium is not expected to exist in elemental form in the
environment since it is a reactive metal. Cerium is dumped in
the environment in many different places, mainly by petrolproducing
industries. It can also enter the environment when
household equipment is thrown away. Cerium compounds
exist solely in particulate form if release into air and not
expected to volatilize. Water-soluble cerium compounds
usually have a pKa of 8.5, which indicates that the hydrated
Ce3+ ion will remain in solution at environmental pHs of 4–9.
The ion is expected to hydrolyze and polymerize at environmental pH and may precipitate out of solution. Thus,
cerium will gradually accumulate in soils and water, which
eventually leads to increasing concentrations in humans,
animals, and soil particles. |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
C,Xn,F | [Risk Statements ]
R22:Harmful if swallowed.
R23:Toxic by inhalation.
R36/38:Irritating to eyes and skin .
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin .
R20/21/22:Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
R11:Highly Flammable. | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S36:Wear suitable protective clothing .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection .
S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking . | [RIDADR ]
UN 2031 8/PG 2
| [WGK Germany ]
3
| [F ]
10 | [TSCA ]
Yes | [HazardClass ]
4.1 | [PackingGroup ]
II | [HS Code ]
28053090 | [Safety Profile]
Cerium resembles
aluminum in its pharmacological action as
well as in its chemical properties. The
insoluble salts such as the oxalates are stated
to be nontoxic even in large doses. It is used
to prevent vomiting in pregnancy. The
average dose is from 0.05 to 0.5 g.
The effect on the central nervous system
of the rare-earth metals following inhalation
may preclude welding operations with these
materials to any large extent. Cerium is
stated to produce polycythemia but is
useless in the treatment of anemia owing to
its toxic effects. The salts of cerium increase
the blood coagulation rate. See also RARE EARTHS. A strong reducing agent.
Moderate fire hazard; ignites spontaneously
in air at 150-180'. Moderate explosion
hazard in the form of dust when exposed to
flame. The metal or its alloys spark with
friction. Many alloys are pyrophoric in air.
See also IRON DUST. Explosive reaction
with zinc. Very exothermic reaction with
antimony or bismuth. Ignites when heated
in atmospheres of CO2 + N2, Cl2, or Br2.
Violent reaction when heated with
phosphorus (4OO℃), silicon (1400℃). |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [Overview]
Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earths. It is characterized chemically by having two valence states, the +3 cerous and +4 ceric states. The ceric state is the only non-trivalent rare earth ion stable in aqueous solutions. It is, therefore, strongly acidic and a strong oxidizer. The cerous state closely resembles the other trivalent rare earths.
The numerous commercial applications for Cerium include glass and glass polishing, phosphors, ceramics, catalysts and metallurgy:
In glass industry, it is considered to be the most efficient glass polishing agent for precision optical polishing. It is also used to decolorize glass by keeping iron in its Ferrous state. The ability of Cerium-doped glass to block out ultra violet light is utilized in the manufacturing of medical glassware and aerospace windows. It is also used to prevent polymers from darkening in sunlight and to suppress discoloration of television glass. It is applied to optical components to improve performance.
In phosphors, the role of Cerium is not as the emitting atom, but as a "sensitizer."
Cerium is also used in a variety of ceramics, including dental compositions and as a phase stabilizer in zirconia-based products.
Ceria plays several catalytic roles. In catalytic converters it acts as a stabilizer for the high surface area Alumina, as a promoter of the water-gas shift reaction, as an Oxygen storage component and as an enhancer of the NOX reduction capability of Rhodium. Cerium is added to the dominant catalyst for the production of styrene from methylbenzene to improve styrene formation. It is used in FCC catalysts containing zeolites to provide both catalytic reactivity in the reactor and thermal stability in the regenerator.
In steel manufacturing, it is used to remove free Oxygen and Sulfur by forming stable Oxysulfides and by tying up undesirable trace elements, such as Lead and Antimony.
|
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| Company Name: |
Alfa Aesar
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| Tel: |
400-6106006 |
| Website: |
http://chemicals.thermofisher.cn |
| Company Name: |
Energy Chemical
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| Tel: |
021-021-58432009 400-005-6266 |
| Website: |
http://www.energy-chemical.com |
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