General Description

5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole, also known as 4-Methyl-5-thiazoleethanol (MTE), is a bacterial metabolite that exists in both Escherichia coli and B. pseudomallei. MTE also exists in plants and can be isolated from the ether-soluble alkaloids of Panax notoginseng. MTE is widely used in the field of biological metabolomics and can be used as a new biomarker for B. pseudomallei.

Figure 1. 5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole

Applications

4-Methyl-5-thiazolylethanol (MTE) was covalently attached to graphene oxide (GO) to prepare a new composite material with excellent adsorption selectivity for copper ions (Cu2+). The introduction of MTE effectively inactivates most of the carboxyl groups of GO, and the covalently-linked thiazole ring with N- and S-containing heteroatoms endows GO-MTE composite with excellent adsorption selectivity for Cu2+ in aqueous solution. The adsorption capacities of GO-MTE composite for Cu2+ are 2.39, 17.08 and 26.64 times higher than those of Pb2+, Nd3+ and Y3+, respectively, indicating that it possesses stronger binding ability for Cu2+. After eight adsorption/desorption cycles, the recycled GO-MTE composite still maintained high adsorption capacity and removal rate for Cu2+, indicating that GO-MTE composite possesses excellent stability and reusability, and it could be used for the separation and recovery of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions.

Studies have shown that 4-methyl-5-thiazoleethanol (MTE) is a degradation product of thiamine (vitamin B1), and MTE has also been found in the culture supernatant of B. pseudomallei. Burkholderia pseudomallei is an emerging pathogen that causes melioidosis, a serious and potentially fatal disease which requires prolonged antibiotics to prevent relapse. MTE can be used as a new biomarker for B. pseudomallei and for the development of related drugs.

Synthesis Method

5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole was obtained by preferentially preparing α-acetyl-γ-butyrolactone intermediate using sulfonyl chloride as raw material, and then by vacuum distillation. The specific steps are as follows:

In a sealed reactor equipped with a stirring and cooling device, 80 parts by weight of sulfuryl chloride are slowly added to treat 100 parts by weight of alpha-acetyl-gamma-butyrolactone while maintaining the temperature between 40-42°C for 1.5-2.5 hours. After the reaction is completed, the mixture is dried with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and then filtered to obtain refined alpha-acetyl-alpha-butyrolactone.

The alpha-acetyl-gamma-butyrolactone obtained earlier is reintroduced into a sealed reactor with a condensing reflux device. 77 parts by weight of 5% sulfuric acid or 160 parts by weight of 5% hydrochloric acid are added, and the mixture is heated to boiling point and refluxed for 5-7 hours. The reaction mixture is then extracted with dichloromethane, and the dichloromethane extract of 3-chloro-3-acetylpropanol is collected. In the subsequent step, the extract is mixed with 100 parts by weight of formamide in a reactor, the reactor temperature is maintained between 28-32°C, and then 54 parts by weight of phosphorus pentasulfide are slowly added over 1.5-2 hours. After further stirring and extraction, the thioformamide dichloromethane solution is mixed with the previous 3-chloro-3-acetylpropanol solution and refluxed for 5-6 hours. The resulting mixture is cooled, the pH value is adjusted to 9-10 with a 5% NaOH solution, the oil phase is separated and further extracted with dichloromethane. The final product, 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole, is then obtained by vacuum distillation.

Reference

1. Caldarelli SA, El Fangour S, Wein S, et al. New bis-thiazolium analogues as potential antimalarial agents: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. J Med Chem. 2013; 56(2): 496-509.

2. Suzuki T, Ota Y, Ri M, et al. Rapid discovery of highly potent and selective inhibitors of histone deacetylase 8 using click chemistry to generate candidate libraries. J Med Chem. 2012; 55(22): 9562-9575.

3. Zheng GF. Method for synthesizing 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiazole from alpha-acetyl-gamma-butyrolactone. 2014; Patent Number: CN103772313.