GSK-3β is expressed in and purified from insect Sf9 cells. It is assayed, following a 1/100 dilution in 1 mg/mL BSA, 10 mM DTT, with 5 μL of 40 μM GS-1 peptide as a substrate, in buffer A, in the presence of 15 μM[γ-³²P]ATP (3000 Ci/mmol; 1 mCi/mL) in a final volume of 30 μL. After 30-min incubation at 30°C, 25-μL aliquots of supernatant are spotted onto 2.5×3-cm pieces of Whatman P81 phosphocellulose paper, and, 20 s later, the filters are washed five times (for at least 5 min each time) in a solution of 10 mL of phosphoric acid/liter of water. The wet filters are counted in the presence of 1 mL of ACS scintillation fluid^[1].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cytotoxicity of Indirubin-3'-monoxime in monocytes is analysed by MTT assay in a 96-well format using a multi-well scanning spectrophotometer. Neutrophils (5×10⁶ cells/mL) or monocytes (2×10⁶ cells/mL) are incubated for 30 min with Indirubin-3'-monoxime, and the viability of the cells is analysed by MTT assay. Compared with vehicle (0.3% DMSO), no significant acute cytotoxicity is observed (neutrophils: 103.9±4.4%; monocytes: 129.4±5.4%; n=3, each)^[3].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Male mice (5-6 weeks old) are randomLy assigned into five groups (n=10). Group 1: receive normal pellet diet (NPD); Group 2: receive a HFD; Group 3-5 receive HFD for 8 weeks followed by Indirubin-3'-monoxime treatment (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg i.p, respectively) once daily for 1 week. Indirubin-3'-monoxime is dissolved in (2.5% v/v) DMSO in saline. The mice in NPD and HFD groups receive an equivalent volume of vehicle (2.5% v/v DMSO in saline). Doses of Indirubin-3'-monoxime are selected. Mice are kept under standard husbandry conditions (22±1°C and 60% humidity) and maintained on a 12/12-h light/dark schedule with free access to food and water for 8 weeks. Body weight is recorded weekly throughout the experimental period^[2].

MCE has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

• [1]. Leclerc S, et al. Indirubins inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and CDK5/p25, two protein kinases involved in abnormal tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. A property common to most cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors? J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 5;276(1):251-60.  [Content Brief]

  [2]. Sharma S, et al. Neuroprotective role of Indirubin-3'-monoxime, a GSKβ inhibitor in high fat diet induced cognitive impairment in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Oct 3;452(4):1009-15.  [Content Brief]

  [3]. Blazevic T, et al. Indirubin-3'-monoxime exerts a dual mode of inhibition towards leukotriene-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Cardiovasc Res. 2014 Mar 1;101(3):522-32.  [Content Brief]

  [4]. Cao Z, et al. Indirubin Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors Targeting Cyclin-Dependent Kinase and Histone Deacetylase for Treating Cancer [published online ahead of print, 2021 Oct 8]. J Med Chem. 2021;10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01311.  [Content Brief]