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Type HazMat fee for 500 gram (Estimated)
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Chemical Structure| 91-64-5 Chemical Structure| 91-64-5
Chemical Structure| 91-64-5

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CAS No.: 91-64-5

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Coumarin is a secondary phytochemical isolated and purified from the herbs of Melilotus officinalis with hepatotoxic and carcinogenic properties.

4.5 *For Research Use Only !

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Aleksandra Grzelakowska ; Balaraman Kalyanaraman ; Jacek Zielonka ;

Abstract: Peroxynitrite (ONOO?/ONOOH) is a short-lived but highly reactive species that is formed in the diffusion-controlled reaction between nitric oxide and the superoxide radical anion. It can oxidize certain biomolecules and has been considered as a key cellular oxidant formed under various pathophysiological conditions. It is crucial to selectively detect and quantify ONOO– to determine its role in biological processes. In this review, we discuss various approaches used to detect ONOO? in cell-free and cellular systems with the major emphasis on small-molecule chemical probes. We review the chemical principles and mechanisms responsible for the formation of the detectable products, and plausible limitations of the probes. We recommend the use of boronate-based chemical probes for ONOO?, as they react directly and rapidly with ONOO–, they produce minor but ONOO??specific products, and the reaction kinetics and mechanism have been rigorously characterized. Specific experimental approaches and protocols for the detection of ONOO– in cell-free, cellular, and in vivo systems using boronate-based molecular probes are provided (as shown in BOX 1, BOX 2, BOX 3, BOX 4, BOX 5, BOX 6).

Keywords: peroxynitrite ; molecular ; ; bioluminescence ; chromatography ; biomarkers

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Boyao Zhang ; George-Eugen Maftei ; Bartosz Bartmanski ; Michael Zimmermann ;

Abstract: Organic carcinogens, in particular DNA-reactive compounds, contribute to the irreversible initiation step of tumorigenesis through introduction of genomic instability. Although carcinogen bioactivation and detoxification by human enzymes has been extensively studied, carcinogen biotransformation by human-associated bacteria, the microbiota, has not yet been systematically investigated. We tested the biotransformation of 68 mutagenic carcinogens by 34 bacterial species representative for the upper and lower human gastrointestinal tract and found that the majority (41) of the tested carcinogens undergo bacterial biotransformation. To assess the functional consequences of microbial carcinogen metabolism, we developed a pipeline to couple gut bacterial carcinogen biotransformation assays with Ames mutagenicity testing and liver biotransformation experiments. This revealed a bidirectional crosstalk between gut microbiota and host carcinogen metabolism, which we validated in gnotobiotic mouse models. Overall, the systematic assessment of gut microbiota carcinogen biotransformation and its interplay with host metabolism highlights the gut microbiome as an important modulator of exposome-induced tumorigenesis.

Scott, Jared Lee ;

Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is the second greatest contributor to the death of women, second only to heart disease, and is the most common type of cancer. BC treatments involve the administration of adjuvant chemotherapies which often have side effects that prevent patients from completing the full course of drugs or the refusal to take these potentially lifesaving treatments. Many chemotherapy drugs are developed from plants, and some plant extracts can exhibit significant anticancer activities while also having less toxic side effects. However, these potential "plant therapeutics" suffer from poor oral bioavailability. The Apiaceae plant family consists of several species that are used as culinarily spices including anise, celery, cumin, and coriander, all of which have demonstrated antioxidant, chemopreventive, and anticancer activities. One method to improve the systemic distribution of anticancer phytochemicals is their encapsulation in naturally produced membrane bound nanoparticles known as exosomes. Exosomes are produced by most eukaryotic organisms, as well as some prokaryotes, and are involved in cell-to-cell communication through the delivery of proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules from one cell to another. Exosomes are found in many extracellular fluids including blood, urine, and milk. Bovine milk exosomes represent a scalable source of exosomes that are already present in the human diet and have been explored as a drug delivery system that can increase effectiveness and improve bioavailability. To enhance the loading potential and anticancer bioactivity of Apiaceae phytochemicals, an acid hydrolysis (AH) of the glycoside compounds present in ethanolic spice extracts was performed on eight ethanolic spice extracts. The antiproliferative effects of AH extracts and exosomal formulations were assayed with three model types of BC cells. Cumin was characterized in greater detail as these extracts had the highest concentration of terpenoids and alkaloids while also having significant concentrations of phenolics and responded well to AH with increased antiproliferative activity and exosomal loading. Extracts and exosomal formulations exhibited broad antiproliferative effects with lower IC50s in the extracts delivered with exosomes. The phytochemical contents of AH-cumin extracts and exosomal formulations were assayed with HPLC-DAD, LC-MS/MS, and GC-MS, while the potential anticancer mechanisms of these treatments were investigated in triple negative BC (TNBC). AHcumin extracts were determined to have numerous phenolic compounds, many of which have known anticancer mechanisms, in addition to several alkaloids and lipid compounds, some of which have activities that could contribute to the anticancer effects observed. Mechanistically, AH-cumin extracts and exosomal formulations were shown to interact with multidrug resistance proteins and inhibit lipid metabolism in TNBC cells. These results indicate that acid hydrolyzed cumin extracts delivered through exosome nanoparticles represent a possible avenue towards the development of novel treatments for TNBC, the hardest type of BC to treat.

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Product Details of Coumarin

CAS No. :91-64-5
Formula : C9H6O2
M.W : 146.14
SMILES Code : O=C1OC2=CC=CC=C2C=C1
MDL No. :MFCD00006850
InChI Key :ZYGHJZDHTFUPRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :323

Safety of Coumarin

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Danger
Hazard Statements:H301
Precautionary Statements:P501-P270-P264-P301+P310+P330-P405
Class:6.1
UN#:2811
Packing Group:Ⅲ
 

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