Abstract: Structural electrolytes present advantages over liquid varieties, which are critical to myriad applications. In particular, structural electrolytes based on polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquids) (pILs) provide wide electrochemical windows, high thermal stability, nonvolatility, and modular chemistry. However, current methods of fabricating structural electrolytes from pILs and their composites present limitations. Recent advances have been made in 3D printing pIL electrolytes, but current printing techniques limit the complexity of forms that can be achieved, as well as the ability to control mechanical properties or conductivity. We introduce a method for fabricating architected pIL composites as structural electrolytes via embedded 3D (EMB3D) printing. We present a modular design for formulating ionic liquid (IL) monomer composite inks that can be printed into sparse, lightweight, free-standing lattices with different functionalities. In addition to characterizing the rheological and mechanical behaviors of IL monomer inks and pIL lattices, we demonstrate the self-sensing capabilities of our printed structural electrolytes during cyclic compression. Finally, we use our inks and printing method to spatially program self-sensing capabilities in pIL lattices through heterogeneous architectures as well as ink compositions that provide mixed ionic-electronic conductivity. Our free-form approach to fabricating structural electrolytes in complex, 3D forms with programmable, anisotropic properties has broad potential use in next-generation sensors, soft robotics, bioelectronics, energy storage devices, and more.
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A mixture of 1.32 g (9.0 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 3.45 g (9.0 mmol) of triethyloxonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide from Example 3 is heated to 70-80 C. (temperature of the oil bath) and stirred for four hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. Volatile constituents are pumped off over the course of one hour under reduced pressure (7 Pa) at 70 C. (temperature of the oil bath), giving 3.45 g of a liquid. The yield of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is 97.9%, based on the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride employed. The product is investigated by NMR spectroscopy.1H NMR spectrum, ppm: 1.45 t (CH3); 3.83 s (CH3); 4.17 q (CH2); 7.37 m (CH); 7.43 m (CH); 8.57 br. s. (CH); 3JH,H=7.3 Hz.19F NMR spectrum, ppm: -78.91 s (CF3).
The ionic liquid EMI?TFSI- was synthesized by a one step methathesis: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride EMI?Cl- (1.465 g, 0.01 mol) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) (2.871 g, 0.01 mol) were dissolved in acetonitrile intwo separate vials. An anion-exchange reaction occurred after adding slowly (drop bydrop) LiTFSI solution in a 10 mL round-bottom flask containing the EMI?Cl- solution,whereby the mixture was precipitated. Then, the reaction mixture was stirred at 500 rpm atroom temperature for 48 h. After removal of the solvent, the mixture was washedrepeatedly with water until the Cl- could not be detected by addition of AgNO3 solution.The organic phase was collected in a vial and was passed at least twice through Celitesilica column with ethyl acetate to completely remove Cl-. After removal of the solvent,the final product was dried under vacuum to give a yellowish liquid (2.347 g, 62 %).
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