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Wireless Detection of Trace Ammonia: A Chronic Kidney Disease Biomarker
Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo ; Timothy M. Swager ; ACS Nano,2024,18(1):364-372.
Abstract: Elevated levels of ammonia in breath can be linked to medical complications, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), that disturb the urea balance in the body. However, early stage CKD is usually asymptomatic, and mass screening is hindered by high instrumentation and operation requirements and accessible and reliable detection methods for CKD biomarkers, such as trace ammonia in breath. Enabling methods would have significance in population screening for early stage CKD patients. We herein report a method to effectively immobilize transition metal selectors in close proximity to a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) surface using pentiptycene polymers containing metal-chelating backbone structures. The robust and modular nature of the pentiptycene metallopolymer/SWCNT complexes creates a platform that accelerates sensor discovery and optimization. Using these methods, we have identified sensitive, selective, and robust copper-based chemiresistive ammonia sensors that display low parts per billion detection limits. We have added these hybrid materials to the resonant radio frequency circuits of commercial near-field communication (NFC) tags to achieve robust wireless detection of ammonia at physiologically relevant levels. The integrated devices offer a noninvasive and cost-effective approach for early detection and monitoring of CKD.
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Keywords: ammonia sensing ; chronic kidney disease ; carbon nanotubes ; conjugated polymers ; wireless sensing
Show More >
CAS No. : | 624-28-2 |
Formula : | C5H3Br2N |
M.W : | 236.89 |
SMILES Code : | BrC1=CN=C(Br)C=C1 |
MDL No. : | MFCD00006221 |
InChI Key : | ZHXUWDPHUQHFOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 69353 |
GHS Pictogram: |
![]() |
Signal Word: | Warning |
Hazard Statements: | H315-H319-H335 |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P305+P351+P338 |
Num. heavy atoms | 8 |
Num. arom. heavy atoms | 6 |
Fraction Csp3 | 0.0 |
Num. rotatable bonds | 0 |
Num. H-bond acceptors | 1.0 |
Num. H-bond donors | 0.0 |
Molar Refractivity | 39.64 |
TPSA ? Topological Polar Surface Area: Calculated from |
12.89 ?2 |
Log Po/w (iLOGP)? iLOGP: in-house physics-based method implemented from |
2.03 |
Log Po/w (XLOGP3)? XLOGP3: Atomistic and knowledge-based method calculated by |
2.57 |
Log Po/w (WLOGP)? WLOGP: Atomistic method implemented from |
2.61 |
Log Po/w (MLOGP)? MLOGP: Topological method implemented from |
2.01 |
Log Po/w (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Hybrid fragmental/topological method calculated by |
2.8 |
Consensus Log Po/w? Consensus Log Po/w: Average of all five predictions |
2.4 |
Log S (ESOL):? ESOL: Topological method implemented from |
-3.48 |
Solubility | 0.0779 mg/ml ; 0.000329 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
Log S (Ali)? Ali: Topological method implemented from |
-2.49 |
Solubility | 0.769 mg/ml ; 0.00325 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
Log S (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Fragmental method calculated by |
-3.74 |
Solubility | 0.0435 mg/ml ; 0.000184 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
GI absorption? Gatrointestinal absorption: according to the white of the BOILED-Egg |
High |
BBB permeant? BBB permeation: according to the yolk of the BOILED-Egg |
Yes |
P-gp substrate? P-glycoprotein substrate: SVM model built on 1033 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP1A2 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9145 molecules (training set) |
Yes |
CYP2C19 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9272 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2C9 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor: SVM model built on 5940 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2D6 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor: SVM model built on 3664 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP3A4 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor: SVM model built on 7518 molecules (training set) |
No |
Log Kp (skin permeation)? Skin permeation: QSPR model implemented from |
-5.92 cm/s |
Lipinski? Lipinski (Pfizer) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Ghose? Ghose filter: implemented from |
None |
Veber? Veber (GSK) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Egan? Egan (Pharmacia) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Muegge? Muegge (Bayer) filter: implemented from |
1.0 |
Bioavailability Score? Abbott Bioavailability Score: Probability of F > 10% in rat |
0.55 |
PAINS? Pan Assay Interference Structures: implemented from |
0.0 alert |
Brenk? Structural Alert: implemented from |
1.0 alert: heavy_metal |
Leadlikeness? Leadlikeness: implemented from |
No; 1 violation:MW<1.0 |
Synthetic accessibility? Synthetic accessibility score: from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very difficult) |
1.85 |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
50% | Stage #1: With zinc(II) chloride In tetrahydrofuran at 20℃; for 2 h; Stage #2: at 20℃; |
2-Cyclopropyl-5-('4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-L3.2-dioxaborolan-2-vDpyridine0.5M Zinc chloride in THF (5.5 mL, 2.8 mmol) was added to a solution of 0.5M cyclopropylmagnesium bromide in THF (5.5 mL, 2.8 mmol) under argon. The solution was stirred at RT for 2 h at which time a slurry had formed. To this slurry was added in one portion 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.65 g, 2.8 mmol) and PdCl2 x dppf (0.041 g, 0.050 mmol). After a few minutes an exotherm was seen and the slurry became thicker, the exotherm subsided and the slurry was stirred at RT overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with ether. The ether phase was dried, filtered and concentrated, then re-dissolved in DCM and applied to a short plug of silica gel. The gel was washed with DCM and the washings were concentrated. The residue was taken up in ether and washed with 1.0M hydrochloric acid. The acidic water phase was made basic with 2.0M sodium hydroxide and the product was extracted back into ether. The combined ether phases were washed with brine, dried, filtered and concentrated to give 0.28 g (50percent) of 5-bromo-2-cyclopropylpyridine as a yellow oil. LC-MS mlz 197.9/199.9 (M+l); 1H-NMR(CDCl3) δ 8.48 (d, IH), 7.63 (dd, IH), 7.04 (d, IH), 1.99 (m, IH), 1.03-0.98 (m, 4H) ppm |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
100% | at 70℃; for 3 h; | To a solution 2,5-dibromopyridine[CAS 624-28-2, commercially available](5 g, 21 mmol) and Pd(PPh3)4 (244 mg, 1 mol percent) in THF (25 mL) was added cycloropylzinc chloride (0.4M in THF, 53 mL, 26 mmol), and the mixture was stirred under argon atmosphere at 70° C. for 3 h. Cooled to 23° C., poured into sat. NaHCO3-solution, extracted with ether, washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent in vacuum left a brown oil, which was purified by silica gel chromatography with heptane-EtOAc (9:1) to give the title compound as a colorless liquid (4.3 g, 103percent). MS (EI) 197 [(M)+] and 199 [(M+2)+]. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
94% | With hydrogenchloride; n-butyllithium; In hexane; | 5-Methylthio-2-bromopyridine. (step 1) To a solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (23.4 g, 0.099 mol) in ether (500 mL), n-butyl lithium (1.52 M in n-hexane, 68 mL, 0.10 mmol) was added dropwise at -78 C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at the temperature. Dimethyldisulfide (9.8 mL, 0.11 mol) was added slowly at -78 C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at that temperature and further 1 hour at 0 C. The mixture was quenched with aqueous 1 N hydrochloric acid (200 mL) and extracted with ether (100 mL*2), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo gave the title compound (18.9 g, 94%). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 8.24 (dd, J=0.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J =2.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J =0.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H). |
94% | With hydrogenchloride; n-butyllithium; In hexane; | 5-Methylthio-2-bromopyridine. (step 1) To a solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (23.4 g, 0.099 mol) in ether (500 mL), n-BuLi (1.52 M in n-hexane, 68 mL, 0.10 mmol) was added dropwise at -78 C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at the temperature. Dimethyldisulfide (9.8 mL, 0.11 mol) was added slowly at -78 C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at that temperature and further 1 hour at 0 C. The mixture was quenched with aqueous 1N HCl (200 mL) and extracted with ether (100 mL*2), dried over magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo gave the title compound (18.9 g, 94%). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 8.24 (dd, J=0.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=2.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=0.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H). |
94% | With hydrogenchloride; n-butyllithium; In hexane; | STEP 1 5-Methylthio-2-bromopyridine To a solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (23.4 g, 0.099 mol) in ether (500 mL), was added dropwise n-butyl lithium (n-BuLi) (1.52 M in n-hexane, 68 mL, 0.10 mmol) at -78 C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at the temperature. Dimethyldisulfide (9.8 mL, 0.11 mol) was added slowly at -78 C. and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at that temperature and further 1 hour at 0 C. The mixture was quenched with aqueous 1N hydrochloric acid (200 mL) and extracted with ether (100 mL*2), dried over MgSO4, and concentrated in vacuo to yield the title compound (18.9 g, 94%). 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 8.24 (dd, J=0.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (dd, J=2.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J=0.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H). |
66.7% | Step 1: Synthesis of 2-bromo-5-(methylthio)pyridine To a stirred solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.4 g, 1.688 mmol) in diethyl ether (15 mL) at -78 C. was added n-Butyl lithium (2.5M in hexane) (0.8 mL, 2.026 mmol) under nitrogen and stirred for 1 h at same temperature. Solution of DMDS (1.3 mL, 16.463 mmol) in diethyl ether was then added drop wise to the reaction mixture, stirred for 1 h at -78 C. and for 1 h at RT. Progress of reaction was monitored by TLC. After reaction completion reaction mass was quenched with 1N HCl and extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure. Crude was purified by silica gel (100-200 mesh) column chromatography using 2% ethyl acetate in hexane as eluent to obtain 2-bromo-5-(methylthio)pyridine (0.23 g, 66.7%) as yellow oil. MS: 205.0 [M++1] | |
Example 1 : This example illustrates the preparation of 3-chloro-4-(3,5-dichloro-pyridin-2-yl)- 6-methyl-5-(5-methylsulfanyl-pyridin-2-yl)-pyridazine (Compound No. I. u.008); a) Preparation of 2-bromo-5-methylsulfanyl-pyridine; n-Butyllithium (1.6 M in hexane, 32 ml) is added dropwise to the solution of 2,5-dibromo- pyridine (10 g) in 100 ml of diethyl ether at -75 C under a nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 1 h at -75 0C, dimethyl disulfide (5 g) is added and stirring is continued for 1 h. Subsequently 50 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid are added at - 20 0C, the reaction mixture is poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer is washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. 2-bromo-5- methylsulfanyl-pyridine is obtained as a brown solid, which is used in the next step without further purification. | ||
Preparation Example 8: Synthesis of 2-bromo-5-methylsulfanyl-pyr idineUnder a nitrogen atmosphere, in a 500ml flask, 12g of 2,5-dibromo- pyridine and 250ml of ether were placed. At -78C 34ml of n-butyl lithium (1.52M in n-hexane) was added thereto, and after 1 hour, 4.9ml of dimethyldisulf ide was dropped. After 12-hours of stirring at room temperature, distilled water was slowly dropped at 0C and the resultant mixture was extracted with 200ml of ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with 200ml of 1N-HC1, and the organic layer was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and vacuum-dried, so as to provide a target compound.<173> ? NMR (400MHz, CDC13): 8.25C1H, s), 7.38-7.44(2H, m), 2.5K3H, s). | ||
86.8 mg | A solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (1 g, 4.22 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (20 mL) was cooled to -78 C under N2. Then, n-BuLi (2.5 M, 1.77 mL, 4.43 mmol, 1.05 eq) was added dropwise at -78 C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, followed by the slow addition of 1,2-dimethyldisulfane (0.411 mL, 4.64 mmol, 1.1 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred for another 1 hour before quenched by saturated NH4CI. The reaction mixture was extracted with EA (100 mL) and water (100 mL), and then washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous NasSCL. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (PE: EA = 10: 1) to give 416 (86.8 mg): ESI [M+H]+ = 204.1 NMR (400 MHz, CDCb) d 8.25 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (ddd, = 8.9, 8.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 2.58 - 2.40 (m, 3H). | |
86.8 mg | A solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (1 g, 4.22 mmol, 1 eq) in THF (20 mL) was cooled to -78 C under N2. Then, n-BuLi (2.5 M, 1.77 mL, 4.43 mmol, 1.05 eq) was added dropwise at -78 C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes, followed by the slow addition of 1,2- dimethyldisulfane (0.411 mL, 4.64 mmol, 1.1 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred for another 1 hour before quenched by saturated MLCl. The reaction mixture was extracted with EA (100 mL) and water (100 mL), and then washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous NasSCL. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (PE: EA = 10: 1) to give 416 (86.8 mg): ESI [M+H]+ = 204.1 NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) d 8.25 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (ddd, J = 8.9, 8.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 2.58 - 2.40 (m, 3H) | |
Under nitrogen protection, to a solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (8.34 g ,35.2 mmol) in anhydrous Et20 (200 mL) at -78 C was added n-BuLi (23.2 mL, 37 mmol) drop wise over 20 min. After the resulting mixture was stirred at -78 C for 1 hr, dimethyl disulfide (3.65 g, 38.7 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction over 10 min. The reaction was continued to stir at -78 C for additional 1 hr. After the reaction was completed as indicated by TLC analysis, the reaction was warmed to 0 C and quenched with a diluted HC1 solution (40 mL, IN) and extracted with MTBE (100 mL x 2). The combined organic phase was washed with water (20 mL), dried and concentrated to afford 6.035 g of the crude product, which was used for the next step without further purification. LC-MS (ESI+): m/z 204, 206 (M+H)+. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
In water;Reflux; | (A) 5-bromo-/V,/V-di methyl pyridi n-2-ami ne[095] A solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (10 g, 42.3 mmol) in aqueousdimethylamine (50 mL) was refluxed overnight. The volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the residue was treated with EtOAc/PE. The precipitates were collected by filtration and dried to give the title compound. MS (m/z): 201 (M+H)+, 203 (M+H)+. | |
In water;Reflux; | A solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (10 g, 42.3 mmol) in aqueous dimethylamine (50 mL) was refluxed overnight. The volatiles were removed in vacuo, and the residue was treated with EtOAc/PE. The precipitates were collected by filtration and dried to give the title compound. MS (m/z): 201 (M+H)+, 203 (M+H)+. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
Example 10 1-(3-{ [6-(2 HYDROXYETHYL) PYRIDINE-3-YL] CARBONYL}-6-METHOXY-LH-INDAZOL-1-YL)-3, 3-dimethylbutan-2-one Step A: To a solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (2.4g) in toluene was added tributylallyltin (3.4 ml) and dichlorobis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0.7g) under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was refluxed for a couple of hours and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in"wet ether"and added DBU (3ml) slowly to give a cloudy solution. The mixture was filtered over a pad of silica gel and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in methylene chloride/methanol=l/l solution and cooled TO-78 C. To this solution was bubbled though ozone until the reaction mixture became a blue color. The reaction was warmed to 0 C and added sodium borohydride (0. 5G) portion-wise. After stirring at 0 C for 1 hour, the mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with IN NaOHaq, brine, dried (MGSO4), and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude alcohol. The alcohol was purified by silica gel (methylene chloride/ethyl ACETATE=1/1) to give desired alcohol. To a solution of alcohol in methylene chloride was added imidazole (0.4g) and TUBS-CL (0.8g) at 0 C. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was poured into 0.1 N HCLAQ extracted with methylene chloride. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MGS04) and evaporated. The residue was purified by silica gel (100% methylene chloride) to give desired compound. H NMR (CDC13) : 8 8. 61 (1H, d); 7.73 (1H, dd); 7.14 (1H, d); 3.97 (2H, t); 2.96 (2H, t); 0.86 (9H, s);- 0.02 (6H, s). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
86% | With dimethyl amine; In tetrahydrofuran; | A. 5-Bromo-2-(dimethylamino)pyridine A solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (11.84 g, 50.0 mmol) in 2.0 M solution of dimethylamine in tetrahydrofuran (100 mL) in a sealed tube was heated at 120 C. for 12 hours. The reaction was quenched with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was then purified by chromatography (SiO2, 10-15% ethyl acetate/hexane) to provide the title compound (8.67 g, 86% yield): 1H NMR (CDCl3) 8.16 (d, 1H), 7.49 (dd, 1H), 6.41 (d, 1H), 3.05 (s, 6H); ES-MS m/z 201 [M+H]+. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; for 8h;Heating / reflux; | To a solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (1 g) in N-methylpyrrolidine-2-one (10 mL) was added 3-(lH-imidazol-4yl)-pyridine and the reaction mixture was stirred for 8 hours at reflux temperature. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, and concentrated to form a thick emulsion. The emulsion was dissolved in methanol and treated with water to separate out solid product, which was filtered and dried to yield the title compound (615 mg).EIMS (m/z): 301.11 (M+H) |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
2-Bromo [5-METHYLSULFANYL] pyridine A stirring suspension of 2, 5-dibromopyridine [(10G,] 0. [042MOL)] in anhydrous diethyl ether (240mL) was cooled to-78C under nitrogen before the dropwise addition of n-butyl lithium (1.6M in hexanes, 0. [044MOL,] 27.5mL). The reaction was stirred at-78C for 4 hours before the dropwise addition of methyl disulphide (0. [044MOL,] 3.91 mL). The reaction was allowed to warm to [22C] and stirred for a further 18 hours. The reaction was quenched with water [(100ML)] and the aqueous and organic layers partitioned. The aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether (x3). The extracts were combined with the organic layer, washed with brine, dried [(MGS04)] and the solvent removed. The crude product was purified by crystallisation from diethyl ether [AT-20C] to afford the title compound as a white solid [: H] NMR [(CDC . A)-52.] 50 (s, 3H), 7.38 (dd, 1 H), 7.42 (dd, 1H), 8.23 (d, [1H).] |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium carbonate;tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); In methanol; toluene; at 120℃; for 0.333333h;Microwave irradiation; | Preparation of Intermediate E - Tert-butyl 4-(S-bromopgammaridiit-2-gammaI) benzoate (E-I)A mixture of 2,5-dibromopyridine (12.6 mmol), [4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl) phenyl] boronic acid (13.93 mmol), 2 N sodium carbonate (9.5 ml), methanol (20.0 ml), toluene (40.0 ml) and Tetrakis (0.63 mmol) was irradiated in the Advancer Biotage Microwave Reactor for 20 min at 120 0C. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the resulting solid diluted with methylene chloride and water. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer washed with methylene chloride. The combined organic layers was dried (MgSCU) and filtered through celite. Silica gel chromatography purification, eluting with 0 to 10 percent ethyl acetate / hexane afforded the title compound E-1. 1H NMR(CDCB): delta = 8.79 (d, J= 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.109 (d, J= 12 Hz5 2H), 8.043 (d, J- 11.9 Hz5 2H), 7.92 (d, J= 10.9 Hz, 1H), 7.690 (d, J= 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.651 (s, 9H). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium carbonate;tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0); In ethanol; water; toluene; at 90℃; for 16h;Inert atmosphere; sealed tube; | To a stirred solution of 2,5-dibromo pyridine (0.5 g, 2.11 mmol) in toluene (18 ml_) was added 6-(tert-butyl- dimethyl-silanyloxy)-naphthalen-2-yl-boronic acid (0.765 g, 2.52 mmol), ethanol (6 ml_), water (4 ml_) and Na2CO3 (0.671 g, 6.33 mmol). Argon was bubbled through the reaction mixture for 30 minutes. ThenPd(PPh3)4 (0.121 g, 0.104 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated in a sealed tube at 900C for 16 hours. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum and the residue was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 ml_). The reaction mixture was filtered through celite. The organic layer was washed with water (15 ml_) followed by brine (15 ml_), dried over Na2SO4 and was evaporated to dryness. The crude mass was purified by column chromatography on silica gel by using ethyl acetate : hexane (1 :9) mixture to afford the title compound as a white solid (300 mg).1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): δ= 8.75 (1 H, s), 8.37 (1 H, s), 8.04 (1 H, m), 7.88 (1 H, m), 7.80 (1 H, m), 7.74 (1 H, m), 7.20 (1 H, s), 7.11 (1 H, m), 1.02 (9H, s), 0.26 (6H, s). LCMS (System 1 ) (run time = 5 min): R4 = 3.46 min; 414; 416 [M+H]+ |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
64% | With tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0); caesium carbonate; 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene; In toluene; at 100℃;Inert atmosphere; | Step 1: Preparation of 4-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)<strong>[109-11-5]morpholin-3-one</strong> (19a) Morpholin-3-one (500 mg, 4.94 mmol) and 2,5-dibromopyridine(1.76 g, 7.42 mmol) were dissolved in toluene, to which was added cesium carbonate (2.42 g, 7.42 mmol). The resulting mixture was flushed with argon for 3 times. Then Pd2(dba)3 (226 mg, 0.247 mmol) and xantphos (171 mg, 0.296 mmol) were added, followed by flushing again with argon. The reaction mixture was heated to 100 C and allowed to react overnight. After the reaction completed, the mixture was filtered. Column chromatography afforded 815 mg of white solid (compound 19a), yield 64%. m.p.: 119-120 C. 1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.65 - 8.40 (m, 1H), 8.17 - 7.97 (m, 2H), 4.26 (s, 2H), 4.01 - 3.95 (m, 2H), 3.95 - 3.89 (m, 2H). MS(EI) m/z: 256(M+). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
B. A solution of Zn metal (18 g, 0.27 mol) in DMF (5 mL) was purged with N2. BrCH2CH2Br (2.0 g, 10 mmol) was added, followed by TMSCl (0.92 g, 8.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 90 C. for 30 min, and allowed to cool to rt. A solution of compound 57a (50 g, 0.22 mol) in DMF (150 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight at rt. Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 (7.4 g, 10 mmol) was added, followed by 2,5-dibromopyridine (50 g, 0.21 mol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 68 C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated NaHCO3 solution (300 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EtOAc (2*100 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/petroleum ether (1:2 v/v)) to obtain compound 57b as a yellow oil. Mass Spectrum (LCMS, ESI pos.): Calcd. for C10H12BrNO2: 258.0 (M+H). Found: 258.2. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
84% | With 1,4,7,10,13,20-Hexaoxa<13.1>(1,2)benzenophan; potassium hydroxide; In toluene; for 1.5h;Reflux; Dean-Stark; | A mixture of 2,5-dibromopyridine (5 g, 21.11 mmol), (2-methyl-[l,l'-biphenyl]-3- yl)methanol (5.44 g, 27.4 mmol), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (0.380 g, 1.055 mmol), potassium hydroxide (2.84 g, 50.7 mmol) and toluene (50 mL) was stirred at reflux with a Dean- Stark trap ( pre-filled with toluene). After 1.5 hours, the heat was removed. TLC analysis showed that starting material was consumed. LC/MS consistent with crude desired product. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure by rotary evaporation. Water (50 mL) was added and the product extracted into dichloroethane (3x50 mL). The combined organic portion was dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure by rotary evaporation to give 9.7 grams of a yellow oil. LC/MS was consistent with crude desired product. The yellow oil became an off- white solid on standing. Chromatographed on a 330g silica gel column with 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the product (6.3g, 84%). 1H NMR (400MHz, DMSO-d6) delta 8.34 (dd, J=2.8, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (dd, J=8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50 - 7.43 (m, 3H), 7.42 - 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.34 - 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.28 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.23 - 7.18 (m, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J=8.8, 0.5 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (s, 2H), 2.20 (s, 3H). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With potassium phosphate; tris-(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0); 4,5-bis(diphenylphos4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthenephino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene; In tetrahydrofuran; at 100℃; for 16h;Inert atmosphere; | K3PO4 (1.70 g, 7.99 mmol), Pd2(dba)3 (0.152 g, 0.166 mmol) and Xantphos (0.161 mg, 0.277 mmol) were added to a solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (0.738 g, 3.052 mmol, CAS 624-28-2) in dry THF (20 mL) while nitrogen was bubbling through the mixture. After 10 min, <strong>[23687-26-5]6-aminoisoquinoline</strong> (0.400 g, 2.774 mmol, CAS 23687-26-5) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min. Then, the mixture was heated at 100 °C for 16 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was washed with aq. sat. NaHC03 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over MgS04, filtered and the solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (silica; EtOAc in heptane 0/100 to 75/25). The desired fractions were collected and concentrated in vacuo providing intermediate 17 (0.680 g, 80percent pure, 65percent yield). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
82% | With sodium t-butanolate; In water; at 140℃; for 6h;Sealed tube; | 2,5-dibromopyridine (1.0 mmol), DMF (1 mmol),Sodium tert-butoxide (0.5-4.0 mmol) and 2 mL of water were successively added to a 10 mL sealed tube, and the mixture was heated and stirred for 6 hours in an oil bath at 140 C, and quenched with dichloromethane.When the reaction is over,The yield of the product can be determined by GC and GC-MS by adding the internal standard to the crude product.When the sodium tert-butoxide was 0.5 mmol, 1.0 mmol, 2.0 mmol, 3.0 mmol, and 4.0 mmol, the isolated yields of the products were 55%, 66%, 72%, 80%, and 82%, respectively. |
Tags: 624-28-2 synthesis path| 624-28-2 SDS| 624-28-2 COA| 624-28-2 purity| 624-28-2 application| 624-28-2 NMR| 624-28-2 COA| 624-28-2 structure
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