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Bromonium-Mediated Electrochemical Synthesis of 3-Pyridinol from Biomass-Derived Furfurylamine
Yan, Kaili ; Kwon, Hyuna ; Huddleston, Morgan , et al. J. Phys. Chem. C,2023,127(21):10107-10113. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02245
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Abstract: Electrocatalytic biomass valorization has attracted increasing interest over the years. Amongst many possible products from biomass upgrading, pyridine-containing chems. are rarely reported. Herein, we describe an electrochem. synthesis of 3-pyridniol from biomass-derived furfurylamine in 0.1 M H2SO4, taking advantage of the Br-/Br+ redox cycle and the strong acidic condition in driving the final dehydration step. Such an electrosynthesis approach was able to achieve a 97% yield of 3-pyridinol from the nearly complete conversion of furfurylamine. A number of control experiments aided by computational investigation were carried out to elucidate the key mechanistic steps of the ''one-pot'' conversion of furfurylamine to 3-pyridinol.
CAS No. : | 591-80-0 | MDL No. : | MFCD00004408 |
Formula : | C5H8O2 | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | CH2CH(CH2)2COOH | InChI Key : | HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 100.12 | Pubchem ID : | 61138 |
Synonyms : |
Allylacetic acid;3-vinylpropionic acid;4-penten-1-oic acid
|
Chemical Name : | Pent-4-enoic acid |
Signal Word: | Danger | Class: | 8 |
Precautionary Statements: | P280-P305+P351+P338-P310 | UN#: | 1760 |
Hazard Statements: | H227-H302-H314 | Packing Group: | Ⅲ |
GHS Pictogram: |
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* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
99% | With hydrogenchloride; dihydrogen peroxide; In methanol; formic acid; | EXAMPLE 56 (+-)-Dihydro-5-Hydroxymethyl-2(3H) -Furanone STR89 To a stirring solution of 19% hydrogen peroxide (35 mL, 0.20 mol) in 85% aqueous formic acid (60 mL) at 50-55 C. was added over a 15 min period a solution of 4-pentenoic acid (15 g, 0.15 mol) in 85% aqueous formic acid (30 mL). The solution was maintained at this temperature for 2 h. Concentration gave an oil which comprised of a mixture of the desired compound and the corresponding formate ester. The oil was then stirred in methanol (50 mL) containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 mL) for 3 h. Concentration gave the desired compound as an oil (17.2 g, 99%). 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) delta: 4.60 (m, 1H, H-5), 3.89 (dd, 1H, H-6, J=2.7 HZ and 12.6 Hz), 3.63 (dd, 1H, H-6', J=4.5 HZ and 12.3 Hz), 2.6 (m, 2H, H-3), 2.3 (m, 3H, H-4, OH). |
97% | With formic acid; dihydrogen peroxide; at 50℃; for 2.25h; | 4-pentenoic acid (2 g, 20 mmol) was dissolved in formic acid (5 mL), and added dropwise into formic acidsolution (20 mL) containing 35% of hydrogen peroxide (28 mmol) at 50 C over 15 min. At this temperature, the mixturewas stirred for 2 h, and distilled under reduced pressure to give the product 2-keto-5-hydroxymethyl-tetrahydrofuran (2g, yield 97%). |
88% | With dihydrogen peroxide; In tert-butyl alcohol; | EXAMPLE 5 A total of 2 ml of 30% by weight hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution was added dropwise to a stirred mixture of 1.00 g (10 mmol) of 4-pentenoic acid, 25 mg (0.1 mmol) of tungstic acid, and 15 ml of t-butyl alcohol at room temperature, followed by stirring at 70C for 10 hours. As a result, gamma-hydroxymethyl-gamma-butyrolactone was produced in a yield of 88%. |
With N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamineiron(II) bis(triflate); dihydrogen peroxide; In water; acetonitrile; for 0.166667h;Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; | General procedure: Epoxidations were performed in 25-mL Schlenk tubes under an inert atmosphere. In a typical run, the tube was charged with 1 equiv of catalyst (typically about 15mg), degassed acetonitrile (20mL) and 200 equiv of substrate. 600 equiv of the oxidant H2O2 (30% w/v in water) were added via syringe over a two-minute period, often resulting in an immediate color change to brown. This color faded to a pale orange for most substrates over a period of 30s. The reaction was allowed to stir for a total of 10min, and then was quenched by pouring the solution into an Erlenmeyer flask containing silica gel and anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solution was passed through a short column of silica gel, and solvent evaporated under moderate vacuum. As a control, samples of substrates were taken through this workflow without use of catalyst, and analyzed gravimetrically and by 1H NMR. Pure substrate was recovered with no significant mass loss (typical recovery 98%). For other catalyst:substrate:oxidant ratios, the concentration of catalyst was kept constant, and amounts of substrate and oxidant varied. The products were analyzed by 1H NMR in CDCl3 with a relaxation delay of 10s. 1H NMR shifts of the epoxide products matched those reported in the literature [22,36-39]. For oleic acid and ethyl oleate, the shift of the CH3 group of C18 does not change between the starting materials and products. This signal was therefore used as an internal standard to measure conversions by comparing the integrations of the alkene signals relative to the methyl signals [36]. Similarly, epoxide selectivities were calculated from the integrations of the epoxide signals and the methyl signals. For undecylenic acid and methyl undecenoate, a similar approach utilized the methylene group next to the carboxylic acid group as an internal standard. For the epoxidation of 4-pentenoic acid and 5-hexenoic acid, conversions were determined by comparing the integrations of the alkene signals with those of the epoxide and lactone signals. GC-MS data was used to confirm the presence of two major products only, the epoxide and the lactone [38]. Owing to the limit of sensitivity of NMR, in experiments where epoxide or lactone was the only product clearly detected, selectivities of >95% are reported, as low concentrations of other products can not be ruled out. Selected spectra and GC-MS chromatograms are available in the Supplemental information. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
86% | With benzotriazol-1-ol; 1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride; N-ethyl-N,N-diisopropylamine; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 0 - 23℃; for 19h; | To a solution of Hunig's Base (10.48 ml, 60.0 mmol) in DMF (22 mL) cooled in an ice-water bath was added pent-4-enoic acid (2.041 ml, 20.00 mmol), HOBT (3.06 g, 20.00 mmol), and EDC (4.22 g, 22.00 mmol) sequentially. The solution was stirred at 0 C for 5 minutes, and remains a light orange slurry throughout this time. <strong>[1081548-91-5](R,R)-pseudoephenamine</strong> (5g, 22.00 mmol) (freshly crushed) was added in one portion, and the vessel was allowed to warm to 23 C. After 5 minutes, some product was visible by TLC (10% MeOH/DCM, +1% NH40H). After 20 minutes, the solution was completely homogeneous. After 1 h, conversion was >50%. At 19 h, progress had not changed. The mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 75 mL). The organic layers were combined and the resulting light yellow solution was washed with water (2 x 100 mL), sat aq NaCl (1 x 75 mL), dried through a pad of sodium sulfate, and concentrated. The product was purified by flash chromatography (30% to 50% ethyl acetate to hexane) affording N-((lR,2R)-2-hydroxy-l,2- diphenylethyl)-N-methylpent-4-enamide (5.32g, 17.19 mmol, 86 % yield). |
86% | To a solution of Hunig's Base (10.48 ml, 60.0 mmol) in DMF (22 mL) cooled in an ice-water bath was added pent-4-enoic acid (2.041 ml, 20.00 mmol), HOBT (3.06 g, 20.00 mmol), and EDC (4.22 g, 22.00 mmol) sequentially. The solution was stirred at 0 C for 5 minutes, and remains a light orange slurry throughout this time. <strong>[1081548-91-5](R,R)-pseudoephenamine</strong> (5g, 22.00 mmol) (freshly crushed) was added in one portion, and the vessel was allowed to warm to 23 C. After 5 minutes, some product was visible by TLC (10% MeOH/DCM, +1% NH4OH). After 20 minutes, the solution was completely homogeneous. After 1 h, conversion was >50%. At 19 h, progress had not changed. The mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 x 75 mL). The organic layers were combined and the resulting light yellow solution was washed with water (2 x 100 mL), sat aq NaCl (1 x 75 mL), dried through a pad of sodium sulfate, and concentrated. The product was purified by flash chromatography (30% to 50% ethyl acetate to hexane) affording N-((1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-1,2- diphenylethyl)-N-methylpent-4-enamide (5.32g, 17.19 mmol, 86 % yield) |
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