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Reinvestigation of the structure-activity relationships of isoniazid
Hegde, Pooja ; Boshoff, Helena I. M. ; Rusman, Yudi , et al. Tuberculosis,2021,129,102100. DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102100 PubMed ID: 34116482
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Abstract: Isoniazid (INH) remains a cornerstone for treatment of drug susceptible tuberculosis (TB), yet the quant. structure-activity relationships for INH are not well documented in the literature. In this paper, we have evaluated a systematic series of INH analogs against contemporary Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from different lineages and a few non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). Deletion of the pyridyl nitrogen atom, isomerization of the pyridine nitrogen to other positions, replacement of the pyridine ring with isosteric heterocycles, and modification of the hydrazide moiety of INH abolishes antitubercular activity. Similarly, substitution of the pyridine ring at the 3-position is not tolerated while substitution at the 2-position is permitted with 2-methyl-INH 9 displaying antimycobacterial activity comparable to INH. To assess the specific activity of this series of INH analogs against mycobacteria, we assayed them against a panel of gram-pos. and gram-neg. bacteria, as well as a few fungi. As expected INH and its analogs display a narrow spectrum of activity and are inactive against all non-mycobacterial strains evaluated, except for 4, which has modest inhibitory activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Our findings provide an updated anal. of the structure-activity relationship of INH that we hope will serve as useful resource for the community.
Keywords: Isoniazid ; SAR
Purchased from AmBeed: 55-22-1 ; 1453-82-3 ; 553-53-7 ; 54608-52-5 ; 54-92-2 ; 54-85-3 ; 3326-71-4 ; 613-94-5
CAS No. : | 54608-52-5 | MDL No. : | MFCD04114555 |
Formula : | C4H6N4 | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | - | InChI Key : | IVRLZJDPKUSDCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 110.12 | Pubchem ID : | 1487823 |
Synonyms : |
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Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P264-P270-P271-P280-P302+P352-P304+P340-P305+P351+P338-P312-P330-P362+P364-P403+P233-P501 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H302-H315-H319-H335 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
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* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
65.1% | at 0 - 80℃; for 12 h; | 2) 6.0 g (55 mmol) of 2-hydrazinopyrazine was added250 mL of three-necked flask,Ice water cooled to 0 ° C,Under the magnetic stirring, 28.6 g was slowly added dropwise(136 mmol) of trifluoroacetic anhydride,Then rose to room temperature for 2 hours,Add 35 ml of diluted polyphosphoric acid(Diluted 10 grams of water per 100 grams of polyphosphoric acid)Heated to 80 ° C for 10 hours,After cooling to room temperature,To the residue was added 30 ml of ice water,Slowly drop the sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH value of 7-8,Ethyl acetate extraction,Combined organic layer,The organic phase is saturatedSodium chloride aqueous solution,Dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate,Condensed organic layer,To give 6.7 g of a pale yellow solid,Yield 65.1percent. |
50% | Stage #1: at 20℃; for 4 h; Stage #2: at 80℃; for 15 h; |
A solution of 2-hydrazinopyrazine (1.10 g) in trifluoroacetic anhydride (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. To the mixture was added PPA (12 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 80 °C for another 15 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to afford the title compound as a white solid (0.94 g, 50.00 percent). The compound was characterized by the following spectroscopic data: MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 189.0 (M+l); ? NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) ?: 8.64 (s, 3H). |
50% | Stage #1: at 20℃; for 4 h; Stage #2: at 80℃; for 15 h; |
A solution of 2-hydrazinopyrazine (1.10 g) in trifluoroacetic anhydride (10 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 4 h. To the mixture was added PPA (12 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for another 15 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to afford the title compound as a white solid (0.94 g, 50.00percent). The compound was characterized by the following spectroscopic data: MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 189.0 (M+1); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ: 8.64 (s, 3H). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
861 mg | at 140℃; for 18 h; | A mixture of 2-hydrazinopyrazine (820 mg, 7.45 mmol), prepared from 2-chloropyrazine and hydrazine using a procedure analogous to that described in the literature (P. J. Nelson and K. T. Potts, J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 3243, except that the crude product was extracted into 10percent methanol/dichloromethane and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 100percent ethyl acetate followed by 10percent methanol in dichloromethane), TFA (2.55 g, 22.4 mmol), and polyphosphoric acid (10 mL) was heated to 140° C. with stirring for 18 h. The solution was added to ice and neutralized by the addition of ammonium hydroxide. The aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×), washed with brine, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Concentration followed by flash chromatography (silica gel, 1:1 hexane:ethyl acetate, then 100percent ethyl acetate) afforded the title compound as a solid (861 mg). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.17-8.20 (m, 2H), 9.54 (s, 1H). LC/MS (M+1) 189 |
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