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Electrosynthesis of amino acids from biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids
Kaili Yan ; Morgan L. Huddleston ; Brett A. Gerdes , et al. Green Chem.,2022,24(13):5320-5325. DOI: 10.1039/D2GC01779B
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Abstract: Electrochemical conversion of biomass-derived intermediate compounds to high-value products has emerged as a promising approach in the field of biorefinery. Biomass upgrading allows for the production of chemicals from non-fossil-based carbon sources and capitalization on electricity as a green energy input. Amino acids, as products of biomass upgrading, have received relatively little attention. Pharmaceutical and food industries will benefit from an alternative strategy for the production of amino acids that does not rely on inefficient fermentation processes. The use of renewable biomass resources as starting materials makes this proposed strategy more desirable. Herein, we report an electrochemical approach for the selective oxidation of biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids to α-keto acids, followed by electrochemical reductive amination to yield amino acids as the final products. Such a strategy takes advantage of both reactions at the anode and cathode and produces amino acids under ambient conditions with high energy efficiency. A flow electrolyzer was also successfully employed for the conversion of α-hydroxyl acids to amino acids, highlighting its great potential for large-scale application.
Purchased from AmBeed: 611-73-4 ; 2835-06-5 ; 302-72-7 ; 61-90-5 ; 56-40-6 ; 156-06-9 ; 90-64-2 ; 50-21-5 ; 298-12-4 ; 498-36-2 ; 79-14-1 ; 127-17-3 ; 828-01-3 ; 816-66-0
CAS No. : | 302-72-7 | MDL No. : | MFCD00064408 |
Formula : | C3H7NO2 | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | CH3CHNH2CO2H | InChI Key : | - |
M.W : | 89.09 | Pubchem ID : | - |
Synonyms : |
DL-2-Aminopropionic acid
|
Chemical Name : | DL-Alanine |
Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P305+P351+P338 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H315-H319-H335 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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INTERMEDIATE: (5-Methoxy-3-methyl-quinoxalin-2-yl)-hydrazine (lie). 2-Methoxy-6-nitro- phenylamine (25.0 g) was dissolved in 37% aq HC1, and the mixture ws cooled on an ice/water bath. A solution of NaN02 (11.8 g) in water (3 mL) was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 C for 15 min. The reaction mixture was added to a solution of cuprous monochloride (14.7 g) in 37% aq HC1 (10 mL) under stirring at 45-50 C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50 C for 15 min, cooled at 5 C for 15 min. The solid was filtered off and dried to give 2-chloro-l-methoxy-3- nitrobenzene (16.5 g). A mixture of 16 g of this material, racemic alanine (17 g), and K2CO3 (12 g) was heated in DMSO (180 mL) at 100 C for 24h. The volatiles were removed using a freeze dryer. The residue was acidified with 2M aq HC1 (50 mL) and extracted into EtOAc. The organic extract was extracted with 2M aq Na2C03 and water. The combined aq extracts were acidified with 2M aq HC1 and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO i, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 2-(2-methoxy-6-nitro-phenylamino)-propionic acid. This material was dissolved in ethanol (600 mL) and 96%> sulphuric acid (6 mL) was added. The mixture was heated at 80 C overnight. The volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc and washed with 2M aq Na2C03. The organic layer was dried over MgSO i, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 2-(2-methoxy-6-nitro-phenylamino)-propionic acid ethyl ester (8.0 g). This material was dissolved in ethanol (300 mL) and 5% palladium on carbon was added. The mixture was treated with 3 bars of hydrogen pressure on a Parr shaker for 3h. The catalyst was filtered off, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica (eluent: heptanes? EtOAc) to afford 5-methoxy-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro- lH-quinoxalin-2-one (3.0 g). This material was dissolved in ethanol (300 mL) and treated with 30% aq hydrogen peroxide at 80 C overnight. Most of the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was suspended in ethanol (10 mL) and cooled on an ice/water bath before the solid was filtered off, washed with ice-cold ethanol, and dried to afford 5-methoxy-3-methyl-lH-quinoxalin-2-one (2.2 g). This material was dissolved in phosphoryl chloride (24 mL) and heated at 130 C for 2h. The volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between chloroform and ice + 2M aq NaOH. The organic layer was dried over MgSO i, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford 2- chloro-5-methoxy-3-methyl-quinoxaline (2.5 g). This material was dissolved in ethanol (22 mL), hydrazine hydrate (2.9 mL) was added, and the mixture was refluxed for 2h. The volatiles were removed in vacuo, and water was added. The solid was filtered off, washed with water and heptanes and dried to afford lie (1.70 g) sufficiently pure for the next step. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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With copper(l) iodide; dimethylaminoacetic acid; caesium carbonate; In dimethyl sulfoxide; at 90℃; for 20h; | General procedure: D,L-, D- or L-alanine (69) (638 mg, 7.16 mmol),Cs2CO3 (2.337 g, 7.17 mmol), CuI (68 mg, 0.358 mmol) and N,Ndimethylglycine(74 mg, 0.717 mmol) were added to the solution ofcompound 37 (1 g, 3.58 mmol) in DMSO (2.5 mL). The resultingmixture was stirred for 20 h at 90. After cooling the mixture wasfreeze-dried, the residue was extracted with ethanol and theextract was subjected to HPLC to obtain 413e450 mg (24e26%) of2-[3-fluoro-4-(methylcarbamoyl)phenylamino]propionic acid((R,S)-69, (R)-69, (S)-69). (R,S)-69: MS (ESI) [MH] 241. 1H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d6) d 12.66 (brs, 1H), 7.62 (m, 1H), 7.45 (t,J 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (d, J 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J1 8.4 Hz,J2 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.29 (dd, J1 14.8 Hz, J2 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (m, 1H),2.73 (d, J 4.4 Hz, 3H), 1.37 (d, J 7.2 Hz, 3H). Compound 42(104 mg, 0.456 mmol) was added to the solution of (R,S)-69, (R)-69or (S)-69 (100 mg, 0.416 mmol) in DMF (1 mL). The resultingmixture was stirred for 18 h at 80, then the solvent was removedunder reduced pressure and the product was subjected to HPLC toafford 28e37 mg (15e20%) of (R,S)-13, (R)-13 or (S)-13. (R,S)-13: MS(ESI) [MH] 451. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 8.28 (t, J 8.6 Hz,1H), 8.01 (d, J 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.81 (dd,J1 8.0 Hz, J2 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J1 12.4 Hz, J2 1.6 Hz, 1H),7.36 (dd, J1 8.4 Hz, J2 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (m, 1H), 4.83 (q, J 7.2 Hz,1H), 3.08 (d, J 4.8 Hz, 3H), 1.60 (d, J 7.2 Hz, 3H). ESIHRMS m/zcalcd for C20H15F4N4O2S [MH] 451.0846; found 451.0844. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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0.18 mg; 0.07 mg; 0.03 mg; 1.9 mg; 0.21 mg; 0.11 mg; 0.18 mg; 0.18 mg; 0.73 mg; 0.22 mg; 0.01 mg; 0.57 mg; 0.27 mg; 0.02 mg | With ferric sulfate nonahydrate; In water; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 7.57; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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0.17 mg; 0.05 mg; 0.03 mg; 1.8 mg; 0.17 mg; 0.11 mg; 0.15 mg; 0.12 mg; 0.7 mg; 0.23 mg; 0.01 mg; 0.53 mg; 0.23 mg | With magnesium sulfate; In water; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 7.57; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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96.4% | With acetic acid; at 100℃; for 3h; | Add 3 - chlorophthalic anhydride (365 mg, 2.0 mmol) and alanine (190 mg, 2.1 mmol) to glacial acetic acid(10 mL), heated to 100 C for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with water (10 mL) and the NaOH solution (0.1 mol/L) was adjusted to pH 6-8. filter,After drying, 430 mg of a yellow solid was obtained.LC-MS and 1H-NMR confirmed the expected intermediate compound to yield 96.4%. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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With potassium hydroxide; In methanol; at 40 - 50℃; for 2.16667h;Inert atmosphere; | To a round bottomed flask containing MeOH (70 mL) under N2 was added 9 (7.68 g, 20.0 mmol, 1 equiv.), DL-Alanine (3.60 g, 40.0 mmol, 2 equiv) and Ni(NO3)2*6H2O (11.6 g, 40.0 mmol, 2 equiv.) and the contents heated to 40 C. A solution of KOH (7.84 g, 140 mmol, 7 equiv.) in MeOH (30 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction vessel over 10 min. Once addition was complete, the reaction mixture was heated to 50 C and left to react for 2 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and neutralised with conc. acetic acid. Water (400 mL) and DCM (200 mL) were added to the reaction vessel and left to stir overnight. The mixture was then separated with DCM (3 300 mL) and the organic layers combined, dried and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude product as a red oil. The crude material was then purified by silica chromatography (0-100% EtOAc in Pet. Ether 40-60, 0-5% MeOH in EtOAc) to give the title compound as a bright red solid (7.55 g, 74%). numax (neat): 2976, 2872, 1678, 1622, 1591, 1440 cm-1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): delta 8.12-8.06 (m, 3H), 7.54-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.39 (t, 2H, J = 8.4 Hz), 7.27-7. 12 (m, 3H), 6.96 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz), 6.68-6.61 (m, 2H), 4.43-4.40 (m, 1H), 3.91 (q, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz), 3.75-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.56 (d, 1H, J = 12.8 Hz), 3.53-3.47 (m, 1H), 2.77-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.18 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.04 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.59 (m, 3H). 13C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3): 180.3, 170.1, 170.1, 142.0, 133.4, 133.3, 133.0, 131.9, 131.4, 129.6, 128.8, 128.7, 127.4, 127.1, 126.3, 123.8, 120.7, 70.1, 66.4, 63.0, 57.2, 30.7, 24.0, 21.7. 1C not observed. HRMS: (C28H28O3N3Ni) [M+H]+ requires 512.1479, found [M+H]+ 512.1467. [alpha]D20 = +2669 (c = 0.03, MeOH). |