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Chemical Structure| 189367-54-2 Chemical Structure| 189367-54-2
Chemical Structure| 189367-54-2

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CAS No.: 189367-54-2

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Jacob B. Hoffman ; Daniel D. Astridge ; So Yeon Park ; Fei Zhang ; Mengjin Yang ; David T. Moore , et al.

Abstract: As lead halide perovskites (LHPs) continue to achieve success as a light-harvesting material in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), exploring and understanding other materials in the device stack become increasingly important. Particularly, selection of suitable hole transport materials (HTMs) that demonstrate high performance and stability is imperative in the design of P–I–N PSCs. Presented here are a family of 12 structurally related polymers based on either fluorene or carbazole main chains with select aromatic side groups that introduce tunable properties for use in PSCs. How properties such as the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, conductivity, glass-transition temperature, and wettability of the HTM affect the PSC performance is explored. Devices that incorporate the polymer HTMs perform well relative to PTAA in benchmark P–I–N PSC architectures while exhibiting similar or superior stability under accelerated aging studies. The relative synthetic simplicity and resultant performance of the HTMs in PSCs coupled with the ability to customize properties with different functional groups demonstrates the potential of this family of HTMs for a variety of LHP materials.

Keywords: perovskite solar cells ; hole transport materials ; polymers ; Buchwald?Hartwig coupling ; device stability ; tunable HOMO ; carbazole fluorene

Purchased from AmBeed:

Astridge, Daniel D ;

Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency growth in their brief history, and are considered to be of exceptional potential for commercialization due to their excellent absorption properties, varied deposition methods, and compatibility with other solar technologies. Furthermore, perovskites are demonstrating high potential for other applications, such as perovskite light emitting diodes (Pero-LEDs), lasers, and radiation detectors. Most perovskite based devices use hole transporting materials (HTMs) to assist in charge separation and current generation. The three main categories of HTM are inorganic materials, small organic molecules, and polymeric materials. Organic materials typically provide the highest efficiencies for these devices, but have several drawbacks including low economic viability, lack of flexibility for use with the various perovskite absorber layers (PALs), and difficulty of application in the multiple device architectures that exist for these devices. This dissertation primarily describes the design and synthesis of new polymeric materials to improve the processibility and interfacial interactions of HTM and PAL, leading to high efficiency, high stability, and low cost PSCs. Our current research into HTMs takes a four-pronged approach; We found that utilizing the Buchwald-Hartwig amination protocol using primary aryl amines and aryl dihalides afforded highly reproducible, high yielding family of polymers, which could be purified by a simple sequence of precipitations. Appropriate selection of pendant functional groups, such as electron donating methoxy, or electron withdrawing fluorine, allowed for highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) tuning, as did the utilization of electron rich carbazole versus the neutral fluorene in the polymer backbone. Control of the glass transition temperature (Tg), a characteristic vital to extended lifetime at elevated temperature, was demonstrated by manipulation of the alkyl side chains in the polymer, which allowed for a balance of solubility and improved Tg. Finally, side chain engineering of the polymers, incorporating more hydrophilic functional groups, was explored to improve the processibility of the PAL on top of the polymer HTMs. This allowed for the manufacture of devices that did not require an interfacial layer or UV/Ozone treatment to form a consistent perovskite film, removing a variable in the device, as well as reducing processing time and cost

Purchased from AmBeed:

Daniel D. Astridge ; Jacob B. Hoffman ; Fei Zhang ; So Yeon Park ; Kai Zhu ; Alan Sellinger

Abstract: The development of low-cost materials for charge-selective contacts that provide good energetic alignment with perovskite active layers, favorable thermal properties, and lead to efficient photoconversion is becoming an increasingly important aspect of the perovskite solar cell (PSC) field. Presented here is a series of polymers based on a one-pot polymerization of aryl dihalides with primary aryl amines to produce solution-processable polymers in high yield, with simple purification, and promising properties for high performing P-I-N PSC devices. How these properties can be tuned by careful selection of the reactant chemical moieties is discussed. Through this strategy, a wide range of relevant properties such as glass transition temperature, highest occupied molecular orbital tuning, and polydispersity are explored. When implemented into devices using a triple-cation FAMACs perovskite active layer, the hole transport material series shows average power conversion efficiencies (PCE) in excess of 17%, which is comparable to controls using state-of-the-art poly(triarylamine). How different synthetic parameters such as the reaction time and purification protocol impact device performance is also investigated.

Keywords: polymer HTM ; Buchwald?Hartwig coupling ; perovskite solar cells ; carbazole ; fluorene ; tunable HOMO

Purchased from AmBeed:

Alternative Products

Product Details of [ 189367-54-2 ]

CAS No. :189367-54-2
Formula : C25H32Br2
M.W : 492.33
SMILES Code : CCCCCCC1(CCCCCC)C2=C(C3=C1C=C(Br)C=C3)C=CC(Br)=C2
MDL No. :MFCD03427215
InChI Key :OXFFIMLCSVJMHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Pubchem ID :3539647

Safety of [ 189367-54-2 ]

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302
Precautionary Statements:P280-P305+P351+P338

Calculated chemistry of [ 189367-54-2 ] Show Less

Physicochemical Properties

Num. heavy atoms 27
Num. arom. heavy atoms 12
Fraction Csp3 0.52
Num. rotatable bonds 10
Num. H-bond acceptors 0.0
Num. H-bond donors 0.0
Molar Refractivity 127.86
TPSA ?

Topological Polar Surface Area: Calculated from
Ertl P. et al. 2000 J. Med. Chem.

0.0 ?2

Lipophilicity

Log Po/w (iLOGP)?

iLOGP: in-house physics-based method implemented from
Daina A et al. 2014 J. Chem. Inf. Model.

5.63
Log Po/w (XLOGP3)?

XLOGP3: Atomistic and knowledge-based method calculated by
XLOGP program, version 3.2.2, courtesy of CCBG, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry

11.22
Log Po/w (WLOGP)?

WLOGP: Atomistic method implemented from
Wildman SA and Crippen GM. 1999 J. Chem. Inf. Model.

9.42
Log Po/w (MLOGP)?

MLOGP: Topological method implemented from
Moriguchi I. et al. 1992 Chem. Pharm. Bull.
Moriguchi I. et al. 1994 Chem. Pharm. Bull.
Lipinski PA. et al. 2001 Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev.

7.68
Log Po/w (SILICOS-IT)?

SILICOS-IT: Hybrid fragmental/topological method calculated by
FILTER-IT program, version 1.0.2, courtesy of SILICOS-IT, http://www.silicos-it.com

9.72
Consensus Log Po/w?

Consensus Log Po/w: Average of all five predictions

8.74

Water Solubility

Log S (ESOL):?

ESOL: Topological method implemented from
Delaney JS. 2004 J. Chem. Inf. Model.

-9.63
Solubility 0.000000115 mg/ml ; 0.0000000002 mol/l
Class?

Solubility class: Log S scale
Insoluble < -10 < Poorly < -6 < Moderately < -4 < Soluble < -2 Very < 0 < Highly

Poorly soluble
Log S (Ali)?

Ali: Topological method implemented from
Ali J. et al. 2012 J. Chem. Inf. Model.

-11.19
Solubility 0.0000000032 mg/ml ; 0.0 mol/l
Class?

Solubility class: Log S scale
Insoluble < -10 < Poorly < -6 < Moderately < -4 < Soluble < -2 Very < 0 < Highly

Insoluble
Log S (SILICOS-IT)?

SILICOS-IT: Fragmental method calculated by
FILTER-IT program, version 1.0.2, courtesy of SILICOS-IT, http://www.silicos-it.com

-11.53
Solubility 0.0000000014 mg/ml ; 0.0 mol/l
Class?

Solubility class: Log S scale
Insoluble < -10 < Poorly < -6 < Moderately < -4 < Soluble < -2 Very < 0 < Highly

Insoluble

Pharmacokinetics

GI absorption?

Gatrointestinal absorption: according to the white of the BOILED-Egg

 Low
BBB permeant?

BBB permeation: according to the yolk of the BOILED-Egg

 No
P-gp substrate?

P-glycoprotein substrate: SVM model built on 1033 molecules (training set)
and tested on 415 molecules (test set)
10-fold CV: ACC=0.72 / AUC=0.77
External: ACC=0.88 / AUC=0.94

 Yes
CYP1A2 inhibitor?

Cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9145 molecules (training set)
and tested on 3000 molecules (test set)
10-fold CV: ACC=0.83 / AUC=0.90
External: ACC=0.84 / AUC=0.91

 No
CYP2C19 inhibitor?

Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9272 molecules (training set)
and tested on 3000 molecules (test set)
10-fold CV: ACC=0.80 / AUC=0.86
External: ACC=0.80 / AUC=0.87

 No
CYP2C9 inhibitor?

Cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor: SVM model built on 5940 molecules (training set)
and tested on 2075 molecules (test set)
10-fold CV: ACC=0.78 / AUC=0.85
External: ACC=0.71 / AUC=0.81

 No
CYP2D6 inhibitor?

Cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor: SVM model built on 3664 molecules (training set)
and tested on 1068 molecules (test set)
10-fold CV: ACC=0.79 / AUC=0.85
External: ACC=0.81 / AUC=0.87

 No
CYP3A4 inhibitor?

Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor: SVM model built on 7518 molecules (training set)
and tested on 2579 molecules (test set)
10-fold CV: ACC=0.77 / AUC=0.85
External: ACC=0.78 / AUC=0.86

 No
Log Kp (skin permeation)?

Skin permeation: QSPR model implemented from
Potts RO and Guy RH. 1992 Pharm. Res.

-1.34 cm/s

Druglikeness

Lipinski?

Lipinski (Pfizer) filter: implemented from
Lipinski CA. et al. 2001 Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
MW ≤ 500
MLOGP ≤ 4.15
N or O ≤ 10
NH or OH ≤ 5

 1.0
Ghose?

Ghose filter: implemented from
Ghose AK. et al. 1999 J. Comb. Chem.
160 ≤ MW ≤ 480
-0.4 ≤ WLOGP ≤ 5.6
40 ≤ MR ≤ 130
20 ≤ atoms ≤ 70

 None
Veber?

Veber (GSK) filter: implemented from
Veber DF. et al. 2002 J. Med. Chem.
Rotatable bonds ≤ 10
TPSA ≤ 140

 0.0
Egan?

Egan (Pharmacia) filter: implemented from
Egan WJ. et al. 2000 J. Med. Chem.
WLOGP ≤ 5.88
TPSA ≤ 131.6

 1.0
Muegge?

Muegge (Bayer) filter: implemented from
Muegge I. et al. 2001 J. Med. Chem.
200 ≤ MW ≤ 600
-2 ≤ XLOGP ≤ 5
TPSA ≤ 150
Num. rings ≤ 7
Num. carbon > 4
Num. heteroatoms > 1
Num. rotatable bonds ≤ 15
H-bond acc. ≤ 10
H-bond don. ≤ 5

 2.0
Bioavailability Score?

Abbott Bioavailability Score: Probability of F > 10% in rat
implemented from
Martin YC. 2005 J. Med. Chem.

0.55

Medicinal Chemistry

PAINS?

Pan Assay Interference Structures: implemented from
Baell JB. & Holloway GA. 2010 J. Med. Chem.

0.0 alert
Brenk?

Structural Alert: implemented from
Brenk R. et al. 2008 ChemMedChem

0.0 alert: heavy_metal
Leadlikeness?

Leadlikeness: implemented from
Teague SJ. 1999 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
250 ≤ MW ≤ 350
XLOGP ≤ 3.5
Num. rotatable bonds ≤ 7

 No; 1 violation:MW<3.0
Synthetic accessibility?

Synthetic accessibility score: from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very difficult)
based on 1024 fragmental contributions (FP2) modulated by size and complexity penaties,
trained on 12'782'590 molecules and tested on 40 external molecules (r2 = 0.94)

 3.63
 

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