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High Efficiency n‐Type Doping of Organic Semiconductors by Cation Exchange
Zhao, Xiaolei ; Alsufyani, Maryam ; Tian, Junfu , et al. Adv. Mater.,2024,2412811.
Abstract: Achieving efficient doping in n-type conjugated polymers is crucial for their application in electronic devices. In this study, an n-type doping method is developed based on cation exchange that maintains a high doping level while ensuring a high degree of structural order, leading to significantly improved electrical conductivity. By investigating various dopants and ionic liquids, it is discovered that the choice of dopant influences doping efficiency, while the selection of ionic liquid affects cation exchange efficiency. Through careful selection of suitable dopants and ionic liquids, High doping levels are achieved remarkably in a short period, resulting in the highest conductivity (nearly 1 × 10?2 S cm?1) compared to other doping methods for poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)} (N2200). The findings highlight the robustness and efficiency of cation exchange doping as an effective approach for achieving high-quality n-type doping in conjugated polymers, thereby opening new avenues for the development of advanced polymer-based electronic devices.
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Keywords: cation exchange ; conjugated polymer ; electrical conductivity ; n-type doping
Show More >
CAS No. : | 174899-82-2 |
Formula : | C8H11F6N3O4S2 |
M.W : | 391.31 |
SMILES Code : | CN1C=C[N+](CC)=C1.O=S([N-]S(=O)(C(F)(F)F)=O)(C(F)(F)F)=O |
MDL No. : | MFCD03788927 |
InChI Key : | LRESCJAINPKJTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 11731903 |
GHS Pictogram: |
![]() ![]() |
Signal Word: | Danger |
Hazard Statements: | H301+H311-H314-H401 |
Precautionary Statements: | P260-P264-P270-P273-P280-P301+P330+P331+P310-P303+P361+P353+P310+P363-P304+P340+P310-P305+P351+P338+P310-P405-P501 |
Class: | 8(6.1) |
UN#: | 2922 |
Packing Group: | Ⅲ |
Num. heavy atoms | 23 |
Num. arom. heavy atoms | 5 |
Fraction Csp3 | 0.62 |
Num. rotatable bonds | 5 |
Num. H-bond acceptors | 11.0 |
Num. H-bond donors | 0.0 |
Molar Refractivity | 67.49 |
TPSA ? Topological Polar Surface Area: Calculated from |
93.85 ?2 |
Log Po/w (iLOGP)? iLOGP: in-house physics-based method implemented from |
0.0 |
Log Po/w (XLOGP3)? XLOGP3: Atomistic and knowledge-based method calculated by |
1.76 |
Log Po/w (WLOGP)? WLOGP: Atomistic method implemented from |
6.07 |
Log Po/w (MLOGP)? MLOGP: Topological method implemented from |
0.24 |
Log Po/w (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Hybrid fragmental/topological method calculated by |
0.26 |
Consensus Log Po/w? Consensus Log Po/w: Average of all five predictions |
1.67 |
Log S (ESOL):? ESOL: Topological method implemented from |
-3.21 |
Solubility | 0.244 mg/ml ; 0.000623 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
Log S (Ali)? Ali: Topological method implemented from |
-3.35 |
Solubility | 0.175 mg/ml ; 0.000448 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
Log S (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Fragmental method calculated by |
-0.71 |
Solubility | 77.0 mg/ml ; 0.197 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
GI absorption? Gatrointestinal absorption: according to the white of the BOILED-Egg |
Low |
BBB permeant? BBB permeation: according to the yolk of the BOILED-Egg |
No |
P-gp substrate? P-glycoprotein substrate: SVM model built on 1033 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP1A2 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9145 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2C19 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9272 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2C9 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor: SVM model built on 5940 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2D6 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor: SVM model built on 3664 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP3A4 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor: SVM model built on 7518 molecules (training set) |
No |
Log Kp (skin permeation)? Skin permeation: QSPR model implemented from |
-7.44 cm/s |
Lipinski? Lipinski (Pfizer) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Ghose? Ghose filter: implemented from |
None |
Veber? Veber (GSK) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Egan? Egan (Pharmacia) filter: implemented from |
1.0 |
Muegge? Muegge (Bayer) filter: implemented from |
1.0 |
Bioavailability Score? Abbott Bioavailability Score: Probability of F > 10% in rat |
0.55 |
PAINS? Pan Assay Interference Structures: implemented from |
0.0 alert |
Brenk? Structural Alert: implemented from |
1.0 alert: heavy_metal |
Leadlikeness? Leadlikeness: implemented from |
No; 1 violation:MW<1.0 |
Synthetic accessibility? Synthetic accessibility score: from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very difficult) |
2.45 |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
87.1% | In water; at 60℃; for 2h; | 2. Put 200g lithium bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide, 152g 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bromide salt and 400g pure water into the reactor,Warm to 60 , react for 2h,After standing for a while, 283 g of crude 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide salt was obtained. 3. Wash three times with pure water to obtain 251g of pure 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide salt.Distill it on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure for 2h,Keep the temperature at 80 , remove most of the water,Finally, it is dried in a vacuum oven at 110 C for 12h.237 g of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole bistrifluoromethylsulfonimide was obtained. The purity of the product detected by liquid chromatography was 99.23%, and the yield was 87.1%;Ion chromatography detection: halogen ion 450ppm;ICP detection: Fe ion <1ppm, Pb ion <1ppm. |
86% | In water; at 20℃; for 2h;Heating / reflux; | 9.40 g of methylimidazole (0.115 mol) in 50 ml of ethyl acetate is introduced into a 500 ml three-necked flask equipped with a condenser. 14.25 g of ethyl bromide (0.126 mol) is added dropwise at ambient temperature. Then, the mixture is left for two hours under reflux before being extracted by three times 25 ml of ethyl acetate. The product is dried under vacuum at 70 C. for thirty minutes; this is ethylmethylimidazolium bromide. NMR 1H: (200 MHz, CD3CN): delta 9.42 (t, 1H, Ha); 7.63 (d, 1H, Hb); 7.55 (d, 1H, Hc); 3.93 (s, 3H, Hd); 4.28 (q, 2H, He); 1.50 (t, 3H, Hf) This product is added dropwise at ambient temperature to a mixture containing 50 ml of water and 31.37 g of lithium bis(trifluorosulphonyl)imide (0.109 mol). Then the mixture is stirred for two hours under reflux. The product is then extracted with three times 20 ml of dichloromethane before being evaporated under vacuum at 70 C. for 30 minutes. The overall yield is 86%. NMR 1H: (200 MHz, CD3CN): delta 8.46 (s, 1H, Ha); 7.42 (s, 1H, Hb); 7.37 (s, 1H, Hc); 3.93 (s, 3H, Hd); 4.28 (q, 2H, He); 1.50 (t, 3H, Hf) |
In water; at 70℃; for 24h;pH 6.0; | General procedure: The respective halide IL was dissolved in deionized water (pH =6) and after an equimolar amount of LiNTf2 in water had been added dropwise, the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 day at 70 C. Then CH2Cl2 was added and the aqueous phase was removed. The organic phase was washed halide-free with deionized water (AgNO3 test). The solution was filtered over a column filled with neutral Al2O3 and activated charcoal. The organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the reaction product finally dried under dynamic vacuum for 1-2 days at 80-90 C. |
383.5 g | In water; | Step 1: Take 287.1g of lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) completely dissolved in water to form an aqueous solution with a mass percentage concentration of 50%; Step 2: 191.1 g of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (EMIBr) was completely dissolved in water to form an aqueous solution having a mass percentage concentration of 50% Step 3: mixing the aqueous solution products obtained in steps 1 and 2 to obtain a crude product; Step 4: The crude product is obtained in step 3, washed with water for 2 times, emulsified by heating and stirring, and heated to 60 DEG C for demulsification, and then high purity product is obtained after liquid separation; Step 5: The high-purity product obtained in Step 4 was vacuum-dried at 100 C for 8 hours to obtain 383.5 g of colorless liquid EMI · TFSI product (melting point: about -15 C), purity: 99.95%, water content: 80 ppm, . |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
95% | With bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium; In acetone; for 24h; | 79 g of 1-ETHYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM bromide was added to 250 ml of acetone, and 76 G (1.1 eq. ) of lithium bis (trifluorosulfonyl) imide was added thereto and reacted for 24 hours, followed by filtering the reactant solution to remove salts. The resulting filtrate was distilled to remove acetone, giving an unpurified 1-ETHYL-3-METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM bis (trifluorosulfonyl) imide ionic liquid. To the unpurified 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (TRIFLUOROSULFONYL) imide ionic liquid was added a mixed solution of ionic water and methyl alcohol (1V/3V) to prepare a product having a concentration of about 50%, followed by transferring to a reflux device of the continuous distillation extraction apparatus. Then, methylene chloride was added to a receiver (3V/W) and REFLUXED at 39 No. 40 C for about 12 hours. Then, the methylene chloride solution was collected from the receiver OF THE CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION E) DRACTION APPARATUS AND METHYLENE CHLORIDE WAS DISTILLED TO BE REMOVED, FOLLOWEA BY DRYING UNDER reduced pressure at 60C for 76 hours to remove water, thereby acquiring 1- ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluorosulfonyl) imide ionic liquid. Yield : 100 g (95%), residual bromide ions: 2-100 ppm (before purification : 100 ppm), residual . SODIUM IONS : 1-5 PPM (BEFORE PURIFICATION : 30 PPM), , water: 200 ppm. To achieve high purity ionic liquids, the obtained 1-ethyl-3- METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM bis (TRIFLUOROUSDULFONYL) IMIDE IONIC LIQUID WAS REPEAUDLY PURIFIED. Yield : 99 g (99%), residual chloride ion : 1 ppm (before repeated cycles of PURIFICATION: 2 No. 20 PPM), RESIDUAL SODIUM IONS > 3 ppm (before repeated cycles of purification : 1-5 PPM), WATER : 200 ppm. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
81% | Product distribution / selectivity; | To 48.75 g (0.097 mol) of tris(diethylamino) n-butylaminophosphonium iodide obtained in B(h), an aqueous solution dissolving 28.7 g (0.100 mol) of LiTFSI in 200 ml of ultrapure water was added, and then the resultant mixture was stirred at 50C for 3 days. The resulting salt was extracted with 100 ml of CH2Cl2, and the water layer was further extracted with 50 ml of CH2Cl2. After five times of washing with ultrapure water, the resulting extracted solution was concentrated with a rotary evaporator and vacuum-dried at 90C, and then passed through an alumina column (developing solvent: CH2Cl2). The extracted solution was concentrated again with a rotary evaporator and vacuum-dried at 90C so as to obtain 54.59 g of a product; the yield was 85.8%. The resulting compound was identified with a nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer (BRUKER Ultra Shield 300 NMR Spectrometer, manufactured by BRUKER Limited.). The resulting spectral data are shown below. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, solvent: CDCl3, standard substance: tetramethylsilane) delta 3.14 (m, 12H) 2.99 (m, 4H) 1.54 (m, 4H) 1.33 (m, 4H) 1.22 (t, 18H) 0.97 (t, 6H) 19F-NMR (282 MHz, solvent: CDCl3, standard substance: CF3Cl) delta -78.75 (s, 6F) 31P-NMR (121 MHz, solvent: CDCl3, standard substance: triphenylphosphine) delta 43.85 (m, 1P) The structural formula is shown below (in the formula, the dashed lines show a conjugated structure). [Show Image] The melting point was measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC8230, manufactured by Shimadzu Corp.). The melting point was 25.4C. The thermal decomposition temperature was measured with a thermal gravimetry analyzer (TG8120, manufactured by Rigaku Corp.). The 5% weight-loss temperature measured at a temperature rise rate of 10C/min was 362.5C. The electrical conductivity as measured with the AC impedance method (Electrochemical Measurement System HZ-3000, manufactured by Hokuto Denko Corp.) was 0.0642 Sm-1 at 50C. The potential window was -0.1 V to 4.8 V with respect to Li/Li+, which was obtained from a cyclic voltammogram measured with the Electrochemical Measurement System HZ-3000 manufactured by Hokuto Denko Corp. using Pt for a working electrode and a counter electrode and Li for a reference electrode. A CV curve of tris(diethylamino)di-n-butylaminophosphonium bistrifluoromethane sulfonylimide is shown in FIG. 3. To 3.8 g (0.0058 mol) of tris(diethylamino)di-n-butylaminophosphonium bistrifluoromethane sulfonyl imide, an aqueous solution dissolving 5 g of NaOH in 20 ml of H2O was added, and then the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 50C for 14 hours. Subsequently, 50 ml of CH2Cl2 were added to the reaction mixture, and the resultant solution was separated. The organic layer was washed with 30 ml of ultrapure water three times, vacuum-concentrated, and vacuum-dried at 80C so as to obtain 3.7 g of a product; the yield was 96%. A similar experiment was carried out using ethylmethylimidazolium bistrifluoromethane sulfonylimide; the yield was 81 %. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
97.9% | at 80℃; for 3h; | A mixture of 1.32 g (9.0 mmol) of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 3.45 g (9.0 mmol) of triethyloxonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide from Example 3 is heated to 70-80 C. (temperature of the oil bath) and stirred for four hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. Volatile constituents are pumped off over the course of one hour under reduced pressure (7 Pa) at 70 C. (temperature of the oil bath), giving 3.45 g of a liquid. The yield of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide is 97.9%, based on the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride employed. The product is investigated by NMR spectroscopy.1H NMR spectrum, ppm: 1.45 t (CH3); 3.83 s (CH3); 4.17 q (CH2); 7.37 m (CH); 7.43 m (CH); 8.57 br. s. (CH); 3JH,H=7.3 Hz.19F NMR spectrum, ppm: -78.91 s (CF3). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
90% | In diethyl ether; | Example 5: Synthesis of 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium fluorobutylsulfonate; In a 100 ml Schlenkvessel 3,00 g (0,0075 mol) Tetrabutylammonium ^n fluorobutylsulfonate and the same amount diethyl ether is solved and 2,93 g (0,0075 mol) 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide is added. The organic phase with diethyl ether is separated and the remaining phase is washed with diethyl ether several times. Afterwards the <n="34"/>product is liberated from the solvent under reduced pressure and a clear yellow liquid is obtained.Yield: 1 ,8 g (0,0068 mol), 90%.NMR-Data: 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3): delta= 1 ,46 (t, H6, 3H, JH-H=7,20 HZ); 1 ,74 (m, H9, 2H); 1 ,86 (m, H8, 2H); 2,77 (t, H10, 2H, JH-H = 7,82 Hz); 3,93 (s, H1 , 3H); 4,24 (q, H5, 2H); 4,30 (t, H7, 1H, JH-H = 6,17 Hz); 4,42 (t, H7, 1 H, JH-H =5,97 Hz, JN-F = 41 ,36 Hz); 7,41 (s, H4, 1 H); 7,44 (s, H3, 1 H); 9,75 (s, H2, 1 H) ppm.15 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCI3): delta= 15,58 (C-6); 21 ,52 (C-9); 29,54; 29,74 (C- 8); 36,33 (C-1 ); 45,06 (C-5); 51 ,42 (C-10); 83,12; 84,75 (C-7); 121 ,9 (C-4); 124,3 (C-3), 137,6 (C-2) ppm. 19F-NMR (376 MHz, CDCI3): delta=-218,6 ppm. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
62% | In acetonitrile; at 20℃; for 48h; | The ionic liquid EMI?TFSI- was synthesized by a one step methathesis: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride EMI?Cl- (1.465 g, 0.01 mol) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) (2.871 g, 0.01 mol) were dissolved in acetonitrile intwo separate vials. An anion-exchange reaction occurred after adding slowly (drop bydrop) LiTFSI solution in a 10 mL round-bottom flask containing the EMI?Cl- solution,whereby the mixture was precipitated. Then, the reaction mixture was stirred at 500 rpm atroom temperature for 48 h. After removal of the solvent, the mixture was washedrepeatedly with water until the Cl- could not be detected by addition of AgNO3 solution.The organic phase was collected in a vial and was passed at least twice through Celitesilica column with ethyl acetate to completely remove Cl-. After removal of the solvent,the final product was dried under vacuum to give a yellowish liquid (2.347 g, 62 %). |