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Lee, Yongju ; Tian, Xinyu ; Park, Jaewon ; Nam, Dong Hyun ; Wu, Zhuohong ; Choi, Hyojeong , et al.
Abstract: Emerging electronic skins (E-Skins) offer continuous, real-time electrophysiological monitoring. However, daily mechanical scratches compromise their functionality, underscoring urgent need for self-healing E-Skins resistant to mechanical damage. Current materials have slow recovery times, impeding reliable signal measurement. The inability to heal within 1 minute is a major barrier to commercialization. A composition achieving 80% recovery within 1 minute has not yet been reported. Here, we present a rapidly self-healing E-Skin tailored for real-time monitoring of physical and physiological bioinformation. The E-Skin recovers more than 80% of its functionality within 10 seconds after physical damage, without the need of external stimuli. It consistently maintains reliable biometric assessment, even in extreme environments such as underwater or at various temperatures. Demonstrating its potential for efficient health assessment, the E-Skin achieves an accuracy exceeding 95%, excelling in wearable muscle strength analytics and on-site AI-driven fatigue identification. This study accelerates the advancement of E-Skin through rapid self-healing capabilities.
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High glass transition catalyst-free polybenzoxazine vitrimer through one-pot solventless method
Anagwu, Festus Ifeanyi ; Dossi, Eleftheria ; Skordos, Alexandros A ;
Abstract: A high glass transition polybenzoxazine has been synthesised by a one -pot solventless method via the Mannich condensation of a phenolic disulphide, paraformaldehyde and aniline. The solventless process reduces synthesis time, material costs, and the need for post -synthesis purification. The polybenzoxazine exhibits a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 155°C and thermosetting behaviour below this temperature. Dynamic disulphide bond metathesis associated with a topological freezing temperature of 78°C and an activation energy of 127 kJ/mol delivers vitrimeric functionality with fast, catalyst -free stress relaxation above Tg. This material fully relaxes stress within 5 seconds at 190°C, with thermal degradation beginning above 250°C. It exhibits a glassy modulus of 3.6 GPa, high char yield (57.4%) translating to a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 40.5% and excellent environmental resistance, as evidenced by low water uptake (1.4%) after immersion at 75°C for 31 days. The combination of environmental resistance, due to thermosetting character, high glass transition, facile synthesis, high char yield, good processability, and fast stress relaxation position this polybenzoxazine as a promising candidate matrix system for repairable aerospace thermosetting continuous fibre composites.
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Keywords: Polybenzoxazine ; vitrimer ; aerospace ; composites
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Huang, Yen-Wen ; Suazo, Mathew ; Torkelson, John ;
Abstract: Free-radical reactive processing of thermoplastic polyethylene or ethylene-containing copolymers with a dynamic covalent cross-linker enables the synthesis of covalent adaptable networks (CANs). While effective for polyethylene, this approach is hindered in polypropylene (PP) due to the propensity of tertiary carbon radicals in PP to undergo β-scission during grafting. We have developed PP-based CANs via one-step, radical-based reactive processing using dicumyl peroxide (a radical initiator), bis(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl) disulfide (BPMA, an aromatic disulfide-based dynamic covalent cross-linker), and, to stabilize the radicals and promote cross-linking, vinyl aromatic additives. Adding 2-vinylnaphthalene (VN) at 2.0 or 4.0 molar equivalents to BPMA effectively suppressed β-scission in PP and enabled robust CAN formation. Divinylbenzene (DVB) at 0.5 molar equivalent to BPMA also enabled PP CAN formation, but due to its additional function as a permanent cross-linker, further increases in DVB level led to the percolation of permanent cross-links and loss of reprocessability. Relative to PP, all PP CANs exhibited significant melt-state creep suppression; the best creep resistance (and highest cross-link density) exhibited by a PP CAN, a factor of 40 better than that of PP, was prepared using a combination of 2.0 molar equivalents of VN and 0.5 molar equivalent of DVB relative to BPMA. Notably, each PP CAN exhibited complete recovery of cross-link density after two reprocessing cycles. Thus, this study represents a successful, one-step, additive-based approach for making robust and reprocessable PP CANs.
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Glassy Dynamics of Epoxy-Amine Thermosets Containing Dynamic, Aromatic Disulfides
Broderick Lewis ; Joseph M. Dennis ; Cheol Park ; Kenneth R. Shull ;
Abstract: Continued progress in understanding the relaxations and mechanical performance of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) will lead to the further adoption of these unique materials across a wide range of applications. Using a model CAN system consisting of dynamic, aromatic disulfides in epoxy-amine thermosets, several network characteristics were found to vary as a function of disulfide concentration and topological placement. The mass density was found to increase significantly with the disulfide concentration, while the glass transition temperature decreased linearly with disulfide content (from 190 to 130℃), as measured by modulated differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy of the glass transition, Eg, as estimated by time–temperature superposition, decreased with increasing disulfide concentration. Significant changes in the sub-Tg relaxations were also observed and correlate strongly with the concentration and placement of disulfide bonds within the network.
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Mathew J. Suazo ; John M. Torkelson ;
Abstract: Aromatic disulfides have seen widespread use in covalent adaptable networks (CANs), though previous studies have exclusively used step-growth methods to integrate them into CANs. Here, we describe a case in which an aromatic disulfide-based cross-linker, bis(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl) disulfide, also called BiPheS methacrylate or BPMA, is incorporated into a CAN by nonstep-growth polymerization. Free-radical copolymerization of n-hexyl methacrylate with 5 mol % BPMA results in a CAN which exhibits full recovery of cross-link density and thermomechanical properties across multiple reprocessing cycles. The CAN rubbery-plateau storage modulus is directly proportional to absolute temperature, characteristic of a constant cross-link density, even at temperatures where the CAN is reprocessable. Indeed, the BPMA-based CAN exhibits a constant cross-link density, and thus associative dynamic character, at temperatures up to at least 200 °C, enabling it to be used in elevated-temperature applications without risk of loss of network character. Under a 3.0 kPa shear stress, the CAN exhibits almost total arrest of creep up to 180 °C and major creep suppression at its reprocessing temperature of 200 °C, overcoming a potential Achilles’ heel associated with CANs. Thus, the integration of aromatic disulfides into CANs by free-radical polymerization provides a facile route to produce recyclable networks that maintain network character at very high temperature, contributing to polymer network sustainability. Finally, we determined an Arrhenius apparent activation energy of ~100 kJ/mol for the CAN stress relaxation and creep viscosity. This value differs substantially from the BPMA bond dissociation energy but agrees with the activation energy for the alpha-relaxation of poly(n-hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA). This indicates that the temperature dependence of these viscoelastic responses in our associative-type CAN is defined by the temperature dependence of the cooperative segmental mobility of PHMA, which makes up 95 mol % of the CAN.
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Keywords: covalent adaptable network ; aromatic disulfide ; polymer ; free radical polymerization ; dynamic chemistry ; creep suppression
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Suazo, Mathew ; Fenimore, Logan ; Barbon, Stephanie ; Brown, Hayley ; Auyeung, Evelyn ; Cespedes, Gerardo , et al.
Abstract: Polyolefins like polyethylene (PE) and ethylene-based copolymers are widely used in consumer and industrial applications due to their versatility, the diversity and tunability of their properties, and their theoretical recyclability at elevated temperatures. However, their recycling rates are markedly low, and, though the cross-linking of PE enhances its properties through the creation of a networked architecture, the resulting thermoset known as PEX is rendered completely unrecyclable. Incorporating associative or dissociative dynamic covalent bonds as cross-links into plastics like PE is a promising route both to make use of spent plastics (via “upcycling” them) and to generate recyclable alternatives to unrecyclable thermosets like PEX. Such materials are known as covalent adaptable networks or CANs (also called vitrimers if the cross-links are exclusively associative). Here, we present a method for imbuing ethylene-based polymers with aromatic disulfide dynamic covalent cross-links, resulting in robust, reprocessable CANs. Radical-based reactive processing of PE and ethylene/1-octene-based copolymers with 1 wt% dicumyl peroxide and 5 wt% bis(4-methacryloyloxyphenyl) disulfide (BiPheS methacrylate or BPMA) successfully resulted in CANs which fully recovered their cross-link densities and associated thermomechanical properties after multiple reprocessing cycles. These CANs demonstrate remarkable elevated-temperature creep resistance due to the high-temperature thermal stability and high temperatures required for exchanges of the BiPheS-based cross-links. BiPheS-based cross-links in PE and ethylene-based copolymer CANs also enable their (re)processability via extrusion at elevated temperatures, with property recovery demonstrated with extrusion temperatures as high as 260 °C, thereby indicating the feasibility of extending our approach to industrial scales and processes as well as other rigorous applications.
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Festus Ifeanyi Anagwu ; Alex A. Skordos ;
Abstract: A high-temperature polybenzoxazine vitrimer has been synthesised by a solventless one-potmethod involving the Mannich condensation of a phenolic disulphide, paraformaldehyde andaniline. The polybenzoxazine has a glass transition temperature of 155℃ and exhibitsthermosetting behaviour below the glass transition temperature. Dynamic bond exchangeenabled by disulphide metathesis associated with a topological freezing temperature of 78℃ results in healing over the glass transition temperature. The system is reprocessable at 190℃ has a glassy modulus of 3.6 GPa, and a limiting oxygen index (LOl) of 40.5%. The combinationof thermosetting character, ease of synthesis, good processability, fire retardancy andreprocessability of this polybenzoxazine vitrimer system make it an attractive candidatematerial solution as a matrix for recyclable and self-repairable aerospace thermosettingcontinuous fibre composites.
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Keywords: Composites ; benzoxazine ; vitrimer ; self-healing
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CAS No. : | 15015-57-3 |
Formula : | C12H10O2S2 |
M.W : | 250.34 |
SMILES Code : | OC1=CC=C(SSC2=CC=C(O)C=C2)C=C1 |
MDL No. : | MFCD00020164 |
InChI Key : | XGKGITBBMXTKTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 280665 |
GHS Pictogram: |
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Signal Word: | Warning |
Hazard Statements: | H315-H319 |
Precautionary Statements: | P264-P280-P302+P352+P332+P313+P362+P364-P305+P351+P338+P337+P313 |
Tags: 15015-57-3 synthesis path| 15015-57-3 SDS| 15015-57-3 COA| 15015-57-3 purity| 15015-57-3 application| 15015-57-3 NMR| 15015-57-3 COA| 15015-57-3 structure
Precautionary Statements-General | |
Code | Phrase |
P101 | If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand. |
P102 | Keep out of reach of children. |
P103 | Read label before use |
Prevention | |
Code | Phrase |
P201 | Obtain special instructions before use. |
P202 | Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. |
P210 | Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. |
P211 | Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. |
P220 | Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials. |
P221 | Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles |
P222 | Do not allow contact with air. |
P223 | Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire. |
P230 | Keep wetted |
P231 | Handle under inert gas. |
P232 | Protect from moisture. |
P233 | Keep container tightly closed. |
P234 | Keep only in original container. |
P235 | Keep cool |
P240 | Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. |
P241 | Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment. |
P242 | Use only non-sparking tools. |
P243 | Take precautionary measures against static discharge. |
P244 | Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil. |
P250 | Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction. |
P251 | Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. |
P260 | Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
P261 | Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
P262 | Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. |
P263 | Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing. |
P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling. |
P265 | Wash skin thouroughly after handling. |
P270 | Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. |
P271 | Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. |
P272 | Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. |
P273 | Avoid release to the environment. |
P280 | Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. |
P281 | Use personal protective equipment as required. |
P282 | Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection. |
P283 | Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing. |
P284 | Wear respiratory protection. |
P285 | In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection. |
P231 + P232 | Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture. |
P235 + P410 | Keep cool. Protect from sunlight. |
Response | |
Code | Phrase |
P301 | IF SWALLOWED: |
P304 | IF INHALED: |
P305 | IF IN EYES: |
P306 | IF ON CLOTHING: |
P307 | IF exposed: |
P308 | IF exposed or concerned: |
P309 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: |
P310 | Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P311 | Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P312 | Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
P313 | Get medical advice/attention. |
P314 | Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell. |
P315 | Get immediate medical advice/attention. |
P320 | |
P302 + P352 | IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P321 | |
P322 | |
P330 | Rinse mouth. |
P331 | Do NOT induce vomiting. |
P332 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: |
P333 | If skin irritation or rash occurs: |
P334 | Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages. |
P335 | Brush off loose particles from skin. |
P336 | Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. |
P337 | If eye irritation persists: |
P338 | Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P340 | Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P341 | If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P342 | If experiencing respiratory symptoms: |
P350 | Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P351 | Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. |
P352 | Wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P353 | Rinse skin with water/shower. |
P360 | Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
P361 | Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. |
P362 | Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. |
P363 | Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. |
P370 | In case of fire: |
P371 | In case of major fire and large quantities: |
P372 | Explosion risk in case of fire. |
P373 | DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives. |
P374 | Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance. |
P376 | Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1 |
P377 | Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely. |
P378 | |
P380 | Evacuate area. |
P381 | Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. |
P390 | Absorb spillage to prevent material damage. |
P391 | Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment |
P301 + P310 | IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P301 + P312 | IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. |
P301 + P330 + P331 | IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. |
P302 + P334 | IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P302 + P350 | IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P303 + P361 + P353 | IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower. |
P304 + P312 | IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
P304 + P340 | IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P304 + P341 | IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P305 + P351 + P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P306 + P360 | IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
P307 + P311 | IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P308 + P313 | IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. |
P309 + P311 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P332 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P333 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P335 + P334 | Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P337 + P313 | IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. |
P342 + P311 | IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P370 + P376 | In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so. |
P370 + P378 | In case of fire: |
P370 + P380 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. |
P370 + P380 + P375 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
P371 + P380 + P375 | In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
Storage | |
Code | Phrase |
P401 | |
P402 | Store in a dry place. |
P403 | Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P404 | Store in a closed container. |
P405 | Store locked up. |
P406 | Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner. |
P407 | Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets. |
P410 | Protect from sunlight. |
P411 | |
P412 | Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF. |
P413 | |
P420 | Store away from other materials. |
P422 | |
P402 + P404 | Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container. |
P403 + P233 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. |
P403 + P235 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. |
P410 + P403 | Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P410 + P412 | Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF. |
P411 + P235 | Keep cool. |
Disposal | |
Code | Phrase |
P501 | Dispose of contents/container to ... |
P502 | Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling |
Physical hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H200 | Unstable explosive |
H201 | Explosive; mass explosion hazard |
H202 | Explosive; severe projection hazard |
H203 | Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard |
H204 | Fire or projection hazard |
H205 | May mass explode in fire |
H220 | Extremely flammable gas |
H221 | Flammable gas |
H222 | Extremely flammable aerosol |
H223 | Flammable aerosol |
H224 | Extremely flammable liquid and vapour |
H225 | Highly flammable liquid and vapour |
H226 | Flammable liquid and vapour |
H227 | Combustible liquid |
H228 | Flammable solid |
H229 | Pressurized container: may burst if heated |
H230 | May react explosively even in the absence of air |
H231 | May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature |
H240 | Heating may cause an explosion |
H241 | Heating may cause a fire or explosion |
H242 | Heating may cause a fire |
H250 | Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air |
H251 | Self-heating; may catch fire |
H252 | Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire |
H260 | In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously |
H261 | In contact with water releases flammable gas |
H270 | May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer |
H271 | May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer |
H272 | May intensify fire; oxidizer |
H280 | Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated |
H281 | Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury |
H290 | May be corrosive to metals |
Health hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H300 | Fatal if swallowed |
H301 | Toxic if swallowed |
H302 | Harmful if swallowed |
H303 | May be harmful if swallowed |
H304 | May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways |
H305 | May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways |
H310 | Fatal in contact with skin |
H311 | Toxic in contact with skin |
H312 | Harmful in contact with skin |
H313 | May be harmful in contact with skin |
H314 | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage |
H315 | Causes skin irritation |
H316 | Causes mild skin irritation |
H317 | May cause an allergic skin reaction |
H318 | Causes serious eye damage |
H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
H320 | Causes eye irritation |
H330 | Fatal if inhaled |
H331 | Toxic if inhaled |
H332 | Harmful if inhaled |
H333 | May be harmful if inhaled |
H334 | May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled |
H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
H336 | May cause drowsiness or dizziness |
H340 | May cause genetic defects |
H341 | Suspected of causing genetic defects |
H350 | May cause cancer |
H351 | Suspected of causing cancer |
H360 | May damage fertility or the unborn child |
H361 | Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child |
H361d | Suspected of damaging the unborn child |
H362 | May cause harm to breast-fed children |
H370 | Causes damage to organs |
H371 | May cause damage to organs |
H372 | Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
H373 | May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
Environmental hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H400 | Very toxic to aquatic life |
H401 | Toxic to aquatic life |
H402 | Harmful to aquatic life |
H410 | Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H411 | Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H412 | Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H413 | May cause long-lasting harmful effects to aquatic life |
H420 | Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere |
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