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Pyruvic acid is an intermediate compound in body metabolism. It reacts with N-acetyl mannosamine to form sialic acid. Pyruvic acid is also a component of commercial red seaweed polysaccharide.
Synonyms: Acetylformic acid
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Khatua, Kaustav ; Alugubelli, Yugendar R. ; Yang, Kai S. ; Vulupala, Veerabhadra R. ; Blankenship, Lauren R. ; Coleman, Demonta D. , et al.
Abstract: Main protease (MPro) of SARS-CoV-2, the viral pathogen of COVID-19, is a crucial nonstructural protein that plays a vital role in the replication and pathogenesis of the virus. Its protease function relies on three active site pockets to recognize P1, P2, and P4 amino acid residues in a substrate and a catalytic cysteine residue for catalysis. By converting the P1 Cα atom in an MPro substrate to nitrogen, we showed that a large variety of azapeptide inhibitors with covalent warheads targeting the MPro catalytic cysteine could be easily synthesized. Through the characterization of these inhibitors, we identified several highly potent MPro inhibitors. Specifically, one inhibitor, MPI89 that contained an aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead, displayed a 10 nM EC50 value in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 from infecting ACE2+ A549 cells and a selectivity index of 875. The crystallog. analyses of MPro bound with 6 inhibitors, including MPI89, revealed that inhibitors used their covalent warheads to covalently engage the catalytic cysteine and the aza-amide carbonyl oxygen to bind to the oxyanion hole. MPI89 represents one of the most potent MPro inhibitors developed so far, suggesting that further exploration of the azapeptide platform and the aza-2,2-dichloroacetyl warhead is needed for the development of potent inhibitors for the SARS-CoV-2 MPro as therapeutics for COVID-19.
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Purchased from AmBeed: 5669-19-2 ; 1149-26-4 ; 7304-32-7 ; 16966-09-9 ; 3590-48-5 ; 38377-38-7 ; 848133-35-7 ; 103260-65-7 ; 27746-99-2 ; 51021-87-5 ; 127-17-3 ; 540750-29-6 ; 40056-18-6 ; 5704-66-5
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Electrosynthesis of amino acids from biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids
Kaili Yan ; Morgan L. Huddleston ; Brett A. Gerdes ; Yujie Sun ;
Abstract: Electrochemical conversion of biomass-derived intermediate compounds to high-value products has emerged as a promising approach in the field of biorefinery. Biomass upgrading allows for the production of chemicals from non-fossil-based carbon sources and capitalization on electricity as a green energy input. Amino acids, as products of biomass upgrading, have received relatively little attention. Pharmaceutical and food industries will benefit from an alternative strategy for the production of amino acids that does not rely on inefficient fermentation processes. The use of renewable biomass resources as starting materials makes this proposed strategy more desirable. Herein, we report an electrochemical approach for the selective oxidation of biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids to α-keto acids, followed by electrochemical reductive amination to yield amino acids as the final products. Such a strategy takes advantage of both reactions at the anode and cathode and produces amino acids under ambient conditions with high energy efficiency. A flow electrolyzer was also successfully employed for the conversion of α-hydroxyl acids to amino acids, highlighting its great potential for large-scale application.
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CAS No. : | 127-17-3 |
Formula : | C3H4O3 |
M.W : | 88.06 |
SMILES Code : | CC(C(O)=O)=O |
Synonyms : |
Acetylformic acid
|
MDL No. : | MFCD00002585 |
InChI Key : | LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 1060 |
GHS Pictogram: |
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Signal Word: | Danger |
Hazard Statements: | H227-H314 |
Precautionary Statements: | P280-P305+P351+P338-P310 |
Class: | 8 |
UN#: | 3265 |
Packing Group: | Ⅱ |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
82.6% | With palladium diacetate; triethylamine; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 100℃; | Step 2: synthesis of 5-chloro-lH-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid 11-b2-oxopropanoic acid (36.22 g, 411.31 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (7.74 g, 34.15 mmol) and Et3N (69.11 g, 682.94 mmol) were added to a solution of 2-bromo-6- chloropyridin-3 -amine 11-a (32.20 g, 155.21 mmol) and TPP (35.83 g, 136.59 mmol) in dry DMF (300 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100C overnight. The solvent was then evaporated, water was added and the water layer was washed with EtOAc. The water layer was acidified with cone. HCl. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 25.21 g of the wanted product 11-b (82.6 %). m/z = 197.1 (M+H)+, CI pattern. |
82.6% | With palladium diacetate; triethylamine; triphenylphosphine; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 100℃; | 2-oxopropanoic acid (36.22 g, 411.31 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (7.74 g, 34.15 mmol) and Et3N (69.11 g, 682.94 mmol) were added to a solution of 2-bromo-6- chloropyridin-3-amine 28-b (32.20 g, 155.21 mmol) and TPP (35.83 g, 136.59 mmol) in dry DMF (300 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100C overnight. The solvent was then evaporated, water was added and the water layer was washed with EtOAc. The water layer was acidified with cone. HC1. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 25.21 g of the intermediate 28-c (82.6 %) |
82.6% | With palladium diacetate; triethylamine; triphenylphosphine; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 100℃; | 2-oxopropanoic acid (36.22 g, 411.31 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (7.74 g,34.15 mmol) and Et3N (69.11 g, 682.94 mmol) were added to a solution of<strong>[1050501-88-6]2-bromo-6-chloropyridin-3-amine</strong> 49-a (32.20 g, 155.21 mmol) and TPP (35.83 g, 136.59 mmol)in dry DMF (300 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100C overnight. The solvent was then evaporated, water was added and the water layer was washed withEtOAc. The water layer was acidified with cone. HCl. The precipitate was filtered offand dried, yielding 25.21 g of the wanted product 49-b (82.6 %).m/z = 197.1 (M+It. |
82.6% | With palladium diacetate; triethylamine; triphenylphosphine; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 100℃; | Step 2: synthesis of 5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-bjpyridine-2-carboxylic acid (intermediate 20b)2-oxopropanoic acid (36.22 g, 411.31 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (7.74 g, 34.15 mmol) and Et3N (69.11 g, 682.94 mmol) were added to a solution of 2-bromo-6- chloropyridin-3-amine 20a (32.20 g, 155.21 mmol) and TPP (35.83 g, 136.59 mmol) in dry DMF (300 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100C overnight. The solvent was then evaporated, water was added and the water layer was washed with EtOAc.The water layer was acidified with conc. HC1. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 25.21 g of the wanted product 20b (82.6 %). m/z = 197.1 (M+H), Cl pattern. |
82.6% | With palladium diacetate; triethylamine; triphenylphosphine; In water; N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 100℃; | 2-oxopropanoic acid (36.22 g, 411.31 mmol), palladium(II)acetate (7.74 g, 34.15 mmol) and Et3N (69.11 g, 682.94 mmol) were added to a solution of <strong>[1050501-88-6]2-bromo-6-chloropyridin-3-amine</strong> 49-a (32.20 g, 155.21 mmol) and TPP (35.83 g, 136.59 mmol) in dry DMF (300 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100 C. overnight. The solvent was then evaporated, water was added and the water layer was washed with EtOAc. The water layer was acidified with conc. HCl. The precipitate was filtered off and dried, yielding 25.21 g of the wanted product 49-b (82.6%). m/z=197.1 (M+1)+. |
With palladium diacetate; triethylamine; triphenylphosphine; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 115℃; for 18h;Inert atmosphere; | To the mixture of <strong>[1050501-88-6]2-bromo-6-chloropyridin-3-amine</strong> (5 g, 24.4 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (1.09 g, 4.88 mmol), PPh3 (1.91 g, 7.32 mmol) and triethylamine (10.8 g, 107.3 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) in N2 atmosphere, was added 2-oxopropanoic acid (5.69 g, 64.6 mmol) by a syringe. The resulting mixture was heated at 115C for l8hrs under N2. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into water (200 mL) The resulting precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was washed with EA(30 mL x 3). The pH of aqueous phase was adjusted with iN aq. HC1 solution to pH 4, and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried by reduced pressure to give 5-chloro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-bjpyridine-2- carboxylic acid (2.44 g, 51%) as a solid. HPLC/UV purity: 90%; LC-MS (ESI): 197.1 (M + 1). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
82% | In ethanol; at 20℃; for 24.5h; | Pyruvic acid (1.9 ml, 0.027 mol) was added to avessel containing a suspension of Fmoc-NH-NH2 (6.9 g, 0.027 mol) in absoluteethanol (42 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min and then pyruvicacid (0.2 equiv) was added. The mixture was shaken for 24 h at roomtemperature. Solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and theproduct was triturated with MTBE, filtered, dried in vacuo and purified byrecrystallization from isopropyl alcohol. The yield was 7.2 g (82percent). 1H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl3, ppm): 2.06 (s, 3H), 4.28 (t, 1H, J = 5.9 Hz), 4.69 (d, 2H,J = 5.9 Hz), 7.34 (t, 2H, J = 7.42 Hz), 7.43 (t, 2H, J = 7.42 Hz), 7.59 (d, 2H,J = 7.54 Hz), 7.79 (d, 2H, J = 8 Hz), 8.17 (s, 1H). MS (ESI, m/z). Calcd forC18H16N2O4: 324.11; Found 347.1 [M+Na]+. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
0.18 mg; 0.07 mg; 0.03 mg; 1.9 mg; 0.21 mg; 0.11 mg; 0.18 mg; 0.18 mg; 0.73 mg; 0.22 mg; 0.01 mg; 0.57 mg; 0.27 mg; 0.02 mg | With ferric sulfate nonahydrate; In water; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 7.57; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
0.16 mg; 0.02 mg; 0.009 mg; 0.096 mg; 0.38 mg; 0.9 mg; 0.15 mg; 0.015 mg; 0.13 mg | With ferric sulfate nonahydrate; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 12.0; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
0.17 mg; 0.05 mg; 0.03 mg; 1.8 mg; 0.17 mg; 0.11 mg; 0.15 mg; 0.12 mg; 0.7 mg; 0.23 mg; 0.01 mg; 0.53 mg; 0.23 mg | With magnesium sulfate; In water; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 7.57; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
0.85 mg; 0.0034 mg; 0.01 mg; 0.23 mg | With iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate; In water; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 7.57; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
2.5 mg; 0.0052 mg; 0.0041 mg; 0.03 mg | With zinc(II) chloride; In water; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 7.57; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
0.11 mg; 0.15 mg; 0.006 mg; 0.0028 mg; 0.0019 mg; 0.002 mg | With zinc(II) chloride; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 12.0; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With ferrous(II) sulfate heptahydrate; ammonium peroxydisulfate; formic acid; dimethyl sulfoxide; In dichloromethane; water; at 40℃; | General procedure: N-heteroarene (1 mmoL, 80 mg), alpha-keto acid (3 mmol), Formic acid (1 mmol, 38 muL), ammonium persulfate (3 mmoL, 685 mg), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (0.08 mmoL, 22 mg) and 20 mL of mixed solvent (DCM: H2O = 3: 1) , 0.1 mL DMSO was added into a 25 mL round-bottomed flask. The mixture was stirred at 40 oC until TLC analysis indicating that the reaction was complete (witnessed by the disappearance of the N-heteroarene). After separation of organic phase, the residue was neutralized by 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution, then extracted with DCM (3×20 mL), combined the organic phases, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was N-heteroarene (1 mmoL, 80 mg), alpha-keto acid (3 mmol), Formic acid (1 mmol, 38 muL), ammonium persulfate (3 mmoL, 685 mg), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (0.08 mmoL, 22 mg) and 20 mL of mixed solvent (DCM: H2O = 3: 1) , 0.1 mL DMSO was added into a 25 mL round-bottomed flask. The mixture was stirred at 40 oC until TLC analysis indicating that the reaction was complete (witnessed by the disappearance of the N-heteroarene). After separation of organic phase, the residue was neutralized by 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution, then extracted with DCM (3×20 mL), combined the organic phases, dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of petroleum ether/EtOAc (v : v = 20 : 1) as eluent to afford the desired pure product. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
3.4 mol; 4.7 mol; 13.11 mol | With lithium hydroxide; In water; at 180℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 2h;Inert atmosphere; | For this example, neither the tungstate or the commercial ruthenium on carbon catalyst were used, and nitrogen was again used in place of hydrogen, except at a pressure of 1.0 MPa (150 psi). Full conversion of the substrate was experienced, with products including 1.29 weight percent of lactic acid (3.4 mol percent yield) of lactic acid, 4.8 weight percent of pyruvic acid (13.11 mol percent yield), and 0.3 weight percent of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA)(4.7 mol percent yield) but no observable glycerol, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol |
Tags: 127-17-3 synthesis path| 127-17-3 SDS| 127-17-3 COA| 127-17-3 purity| 127-17-3 application| 127-17-3 NMR| 127-17-3 COA| 127-17-3 structure
Precautionary Statements-General | |
Code | Phrase |
P101 | If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand. |
P102 | Keep out of reach of children. |
P103 | Read label before use |
Prevention | |
Code | Phrase |
P201 | Obtain special instructions before use. |
P202 | Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. |
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P211 | Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. |
P220 | Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials. |
P221 | Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles |
P222 | Do not allow contact with air. |
P223 | Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire. |
P230 | Keep wetted |
P231 | Handle under inert gas. |
P232 | Protect from moisture. |
P233 | Keep container tightly closed. |
P234 | Keep only in original container. |
P235 | Keep cool |
P240 | Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. |
P241 | Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment. |
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P243 | Take precautionary measures against static discharge. |
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P261 | Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
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P263 | Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing. |
P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling. |
P265 | Wash skin thouroughly after handling. |
P270 | Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. |
P271 | Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. |
P272 | Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. |
P273 | Avoid release to the environment. |
P280 | Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. |
P281 | Use personal protective equipment as required. |
P282 | Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection. |
P283 | Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing. |
P284 | Wear respiratory protection. |
P285 | In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection. |
P231 + P232 | Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture. |
P235 + P410 | Keep cool. Protect from sunlight. |
Response | |
Code | Phrase |
P301 | IF SWALLOWED: |
P304 | IF INHALED: |
P305 | IF IN EYES: |
P306 | IF ON CLOTHING: |
P307 | IF exposed: |
P308 | IF exposed or concerned: |
P309 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: |
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P311 | Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P312 | Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
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P314 | Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell. |
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P320 | |
P302 + P352 | IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P321 | |
P322 | |
P330 | Rinse mouth. |
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P335 | Brush off loose particles from skin. |
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P337 | If eye irritation persists: |
P338 | Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P340 | Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P341 | If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P342 | If experiencing respiratory symptoms: |
P350 | Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P351 | Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. |
P352 | Wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P353 | Rinse skin with water/shower. |
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P361 | Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. |
P362 | Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. |
P363 | Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. |
P370 | In case of fire: |
P371 | In case of major fire and large quantities: |
P372 | Explosion risk in case of fire. |
P373 | DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives. |
P374 | Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance. |
P376 | Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1 |
P377 | Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely. |
P378 | |
P380 | Evacuate area. |
P381 | Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. |
P390 | Absorb spillage to prevent material damage. |
P391 | Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment |
P301 + P310 | IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P301 + P312 | IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. |
P301 + P330 + P331 | IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. |
P302 + P334 | IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P302 + P350 | IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P303 + P361 + P353 | IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower. |
P304 + P312 | IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
P304 + P340 | IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P304 + P341 | IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P305 + P351 + P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P306 + P360 | IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
P307 + P311 | IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P308 + P313 | IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. |
P309 + P311 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P332 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P333 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P335 + P334 | Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P337 + P313 | IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. |
P342 + P311 | IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P370 + P376 | In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so. |
P370 + P378 | In case of fire: |
P370 + P380 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. |
P370 + P380 + P375 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
P371 + P380 + P375 | In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
Storage | |
Code | Phrase |
P401 | |
P402 | Store in a dry place. |
P403 | Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P404 | Store in a closed container. |
P405 | Store locked up. |
P406 | Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner. |
P407 | Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets. |
P410 | Protect from sunlight. |
P411 | |
P412 | Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF. |
P413 | |
P420 | Store away from other materials. |
P422 | |
P402 + P404 | Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container. |
P403 + P233 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. |
P403 + P235 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. |
P410 + P403 | Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P410 + P412 | Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF. |
P411 + P235 | Keep cool. |
Disposal | |
Code | Phrase |
P501 | Dispose of contents/container to ... |
P502 | Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling |
Physical hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H200 | Unstable explosive |
H201 | Explosive; mass explosion hazard |
H202 | Explosive; severe projection hazard |
H203 | Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard |
H204 | Fire or projection hazard |
H205 | May mass explode in fire |
H220 | Extremely flammable gas |
H221 | Flammable gas |
H222 | Extremely flammable aerosol |
H223 | Flammable aerosol |
H224 | Extremely flammable liquid and vapour |
H225 | Highly flammable liquid and vapour |
H226 | Flammable liquid and vapour |
H227 | Combustible liquid |
H228 | Flammable solid |
H229 | Pressurized container: may burst if heated |
H230 | May react explosively even in the absence of air |
H231 | May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature |
H240 | Heating may cause an explosion |
H241 | Heating may cause a fire or explosion |
H242 | Heating may cause a fire |
H250 | Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air |
H251 | Self-heating; may catch fire |
H252 | Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire |
H260 | In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously |
H261 | In contact with water releases flammable gas |
H270 | May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer |
H271 | May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer |
H272 | May intensify fire; oxidizer |
H280 | Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated |
H281 | Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury |
H290 | May be corrosive to metals |
Health hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H300 | Fatal if swallowed |
H301 | Toxic if swallowed |
H302 | Harmful if swallowed |
H303 | May be harmful if swallowed |
H304 | May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways |
H305 | May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways |
H310 | Fatal in contact with skin |
H311 | Toxic in contact with skin |
H312 | Harmful in contact with skin |
H313 | May be harmful in contact with skin |
H314 | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage |
H315 | Causes skin irritation |
H316 | Causes mild skin irritation |
H317 | May cause an allergic skin reaction |
H318 | Causes serious eye damage |
H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
H320 | Causes eye irritation |
H330 | Fatal if inhaled |
H331 | Toxic if inhaled |
H332 | Harmful if inhaled |
H333 | May be harmful if inhaled |
H334 | May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled |
H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
H336 | May cause drowsiness or dizziness |
H340 | May cause genetic defects |
H341 | Suspected of causing genetic defects |
H350 | May cause cancer |
H351 | Suspected of causing cancer |
H360 | May damage fertility or the unborn child |
H361 | Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child |
H361d | Suspected of damaging the unborn child |
H362 | May cause harm to breast-fed children |
H370 | Causes damage to organs |
H371 | May cause damage to organs |
H372 | Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
H373 | May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
Environmental hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H400 | Very toxic to aquatic life |
H401 | Toxic to aquatic life |
H402 | Harmful to aquatic life |
H410 | Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H411 | Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H412 | Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H413 | May cause long-lasting harmful effects to aquatic life |
H420 | Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere |
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