Structure of 1120-90-7
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Sustainable methodologies for synthesis of small organic molecules using micellar catalysis
Deborah Sam Ogulu ;
Abstract: Organic synthesis is a critical process in the creation of small molecule pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. However, most methods for synthesizing these small molecules rely on toxic organic solvents as the reaction medium which account for approximately 80% of pharmaceutical waste. Moreover, many catalytic reactions require expensive endangered precious metals like palladium and costly metals. This dissertation presents research that aims to develop sustainable, eco-friendly reaction conditions to address these issues. Chapter 1 provides an overview of green and sustainable chemistry and chemistry in water. It explains what sustainability entails and the drive towards greener synthetic methods. Also included is the introduction to the concept of chemistry in water, the different types of roles of water in chemistry, and the development of micellar catalysis – including its evolution, applications, current challenges, and future directions. Chapter 2 discusses the development of a ligand-free bimetallic nanocatalyst for the hydrogenation of unsaturated enones. This ligand-free nanocatalyst was prepared from nickel and ppm loading of palladium and was stabilized by harnessing the structural features of the amphiphile, PS-750-M. The physical properties of the nanoparticles were evaluated and thoroughly characterized using different analytical techniques like HRTEM, XPS, and TGA. Chapter 3 describes the application of a copper catalyst in the hydroboration of unsymmetrical internal alkynes with high regioselectivity under aqueous micellar conditions. The methodology was amenable to internal alkynes with diverse functional groups and provides a unique route to access β selective alkenyl boronates. Chapter 4 showcases the development of a protocol towards coupling of aryl boronic acids and primary amines under aqueous micellar conditions using an inexpensive nickel catalyst and oxygen balloon. The developed methodology provides another way to access amines under more sustainable reaction conditions. Chapter 5 describes the use of ppm palladium and copper catalysts immobilized on silica for the catalytic dehydration of amides to nitriles. The protocol employs acetonitrile as the additive and the reaction is performed using aqueous PS-750-M as the reaction medium.
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Jacob Silzel ; Chengwei Chen ; Colomba Sanchez-Marsetti ; Phillip Farias ; Veronica Carta ; W. Hill Harman , et al.
Abstract: Cysteine is the most reactive naturally occurring amino acid due to the presence of a free thiol, presenting a tantalizing handle for covalent modification of peptides/proteins. Although many mass spectrometry experiments could benefit from site-specific modification of Cys, the utility of direct arylation has not been thoroughly explored. Recently, Spokoyny and coworkers reported a Au(III) organometallic reagent that robustly arylates Cys and tolerates a wide variety of solvents and conditions. Given the chromophoric nature of aryl groups and the known susceptibility of carbon-sulfur bonds to photodissociation, we set out to identify an aryl group that could efficiently cleave Cys carbon-sulfur bonds at 266 nm. A streamlined workflow was developed to facilitate rapid examination of a large number of aryls with minimal sample using a simple test peptide, RAAACGVLK. We were able to identify several aryl groups that yield abundant homolytic photodissociation of the adjacent Cys carbon-sulfur bonds with short activation times (<10 ms). In addition, we characterized the radical products created by photodissociation by subjecting the product ions to further collisional activation. Finally, we tested Cys arylation with human hemoglobin, identified reaction conditions that facilitate efficient modification of intact proteins, and evaluated the photochemistry and activation of these large radical ions.
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Keywords: Fragmentation ; photodissociation ; radical-directed dissociation ; cysteine modification
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CAS No. : | 1120-90-7 |
Formula : | C5H4IN |
M.W : | 205.00 |
SMILES Code : | IC1=CC=CN=C1 |
MDL No. : | MFCD00023553 |
InChI Key : | XDELKSRGBLWMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 70714 |
GHS Pictogram: |
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Signal Word: | Warning |
Hazard Statements: | H315-H319-H335 |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P305+P351+P338 |
Num. heavy atoms | 7 |
Num. arom. heavy atoms | 6 |
Fraction Csp3 | 0.0 |
Num. rotatable bonds | 0 |
Num. H-bond acceptors | 1.0 |
Num. H-bond donors | 0.0 |
Molar Refractivity | 36.95 |
TPSA ? Topological Polar Surface Area: Calculated from |
12.89 ?2 |
Log Po/w (iLOGP)? iLOGP: in-house physics-based method implemented from |
1.58 |
Log Po/w (XLOGP3)? XLOGP3: Atomistic and knowledge-based method calculated by |
1.8 |
Log Po/w (WLOGP)? WLOGP: Atomistic method implemented from |
1.69 |
Log Po/w (MLOGP)? MLOGP: Topological method implemented from |
1.41 |
Log Po/w (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Hybrid fragmental/topological method calculated by |
2.47 |
Consensus Log Po/w? Consensus Log Po/w: Average of all five predictions |
1.79 |
Log S (ESOL):? ESOL: Topological method implemented from |
-2.88 |
Solubility | 0.271 mg/ml ; 0.00132 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
Log S (Ali)? Ali: Topological method implemented from |
-1.69 |
Solubility | 4.19 mg/ml ; 0.0204 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Very soluble |
Log S (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Fragmental method calculated by |
-2.98 |
Solubility | 0.215 mg/ml ; 0.00105 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
GI absorption? Gatrointestinal absorption: according to the white of the BOILED-Egg |
High |
BBB permeant? BBB permeation: according to the yolk of the BOILED-Egg |
Yes |
P-gp substrate? P-glycoprotein substrate: SVM model built on 1033 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP1A2 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9145 molecules (training set) |
Yes |
CYP2C19 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9272 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2C9 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor: SVM model built on 5940 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2D6 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor: SVM model built on 3664 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP3A4 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor: SVM model built on 7518 molecules (training set) |
No |
Log Kp (skin permeation)? Skin permeation: QSPR model implemented from |
-6.27 cm/s |
Lipinski? Lipinski (Pfizer) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Ghose? Ghose filter: implemented from |
None |
Veber? Veber (GSK) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Egan? Egan (Pharmacia) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Muegge? Muegge (Bayer) filter: implemented from |
1.0 |
Bioavailability Score? Abbott Bioavailability Score: Probability of F > 10% in rat |
0.55 |
PAINS? Pan Assay Interference Structures: implemented from |
0.0 alert |
Brenk? Structural Alert: implemented from |
1.0 alert: heavy_metal |
Leadlikeness? Leadlikeness: implemented from |
No; 1 violation:MW<1.0 |
Synthetic accessibility? Synthetic accessibility score: from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very difficult) |
1.97 |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
54% | With palladium diacetate; In 1-methyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; at 20 - 140℃; for 24.0h;Inert atmosphere; | General procedure: An oven-dried Schlenk-tube (10?mL) was charged with Pd source (1?mol?percent), and ethyl potassium oxalate (0.75?mmol). The tube was evacuated and backfilled with argon (this procedure was repeated three times). After that, iodobenzene (0.5?mmol) and NMP (1.0?mL) were added by syringe under a counter flow of argon at room temperature. The reaction vessel was closed and then placed under stirring in a preheated oil bath. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24?h. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate, and analyzed by gas chromatography. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
2.4 g | With copper(l) iodide; caesium carbonate; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 120℃; for 4h;Inert atmosphere; | Step 1 Preparation of ethyl 3-methyl-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate 3.0 g of ethyl 3-methyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate in 10 ml of N,N-dimethylformamide was mixed with 5.3 g of 3-iodopyridine, 990 mg of copper (I) iodide and 17.0 g of cesium carbonate successively. After the atmosphere in the reaction vessel was replaced by nitrogen gas, the mixture was stirred at 120C for 4 hours. After the reaction, the reaction mixture was mixed with 100 ml of water and extracted with ethyl acetate (150 ml × 1). The resulting organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography using n-hexane - ethyl acetate {1:1 (volume ratio, hereinafter the same applies)} as the eluent to give 2.4 g of the desired product as white crystals. 1H NMR(CDCl3 ,Me4 Si,300MHz)delta8.98(d,J=2.4Hz,1H),8.58(d,J=3.9Hz,1H), 8.38(s,1H),8.00-8.10(m, 1H),7.42(dd,J=4.8,8.1Hz,1H),4.34(q,J=7.2Hz,2H),2.57(s,3H), 1.38(t,J=7.2Hz,3H),(no detectable proton peaks for CO2 H) |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
62% | With 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; In N,N-dimethyl-formamide; at 120℃; under 7500.75 Torr; for 20h;Inert atmosphere; Autoclave; | General procedure: A 12mL vial was charged with MCM-41-2P-Pd(OAc)2 (2molpercent), 2-aminobenzamide (1mmol), aryl iodide (1mmol) (if solid) and a stirring bar. Then, DMF (2mL), aryl iodide (1mmol) (if liquid) and DBU (2mmol) were injected by syringe under an argon atmosphere. The vial was placed in an alloy plate, which was transferred into a 300mL Parr Instruments 4560 series autoclave under an argon atmosphere. After flushing the autoclave three times with CO, a pressure of 10bar CO was fixed at ambient temperature. The autoclave was heated for 20hat 120°C. After completion of the reaction, the autoclave was cooled to room temperature and the pressure was released carefully. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (10mL) and filtered. The palladium catalyst was washed with distilled water (2×5mL) and acetone (2×5mL), and reused in the next run. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the pure product was isolated by either washed with water, ethyl acetate and finally hexane or recrystallization from MeOH. |