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INVESTIGATIONS OF S (IV) FLUORIDES AND THEIR UTILITY IN SMALL MOLECULE SYNTHESES
Thomson, Brodie ;
Abstract: Sulfur(IV) fluorides are powerful synthetic reagents typically used in the fluorination of small molecules. Traditional examples, including SF4 and DAST, were primarily applied in the deoxyfluorinations of alcohols, carbonyls and carboxylic acids. More recent sulfur(IV) fluoride analogues, including thionyl fluoride and XtalFluor-E? , display unique reactivity relative to DAST and SF4, yet have rarely been applied outside of similar organic transformations. In this thesis, the unique reactivities of thionyl fluoride and XtalFluor-E? were investigated and utilised towards the synthesis of acyl fluorides, sulfonyl fluorides, sulfinyl fluorides, and arylaminooxetanes. Chapter 2 describes the utilization of thionyl fluoride in a carboxylic acid activation strategy to synthesize acyl fluorides. The desired products were synthesized in high yields (60–99%) under mild conditions and quantified either in solution using 19F NMR spectroscopy or isolated in a column-free protocol. Chapter 3 describes the efforts made in improving the synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides and sulfinyl fluorides. In one transformation, sulfonic acids were derivatized in a DMF-promoted, thionyl fluoride-mediated fluorination, affording sulfonyl fluorides in high yields (80-99%). A complementary strategy utilising XtalFluor-E? accessed the same products in good isolated yields (41-94%), but milder conditions. Thionyl fluoride was also used to transform sulfinic acids to sulfinyl fluorides in a one-pot strategy, accessing sulfinyl fluorides in high crude yields (75-98%) quantified by 19F NMR spectroscopy. This represents the first general method reported towards their synthesis. Chapter 4 describes an expedited route towards the synthesis of arylamino-oxetanes via the XtalFluor-E?-mediated activation of 3-aryloxetan-3-ols. The optimised protocol accessed arylamino-oxetanes under mild conditions and reduced the number of steps required in their syntheses (between 2-6) compared to current literature procedures. This represents the shortest and simplest route towards their synthesis, accessing the desired products in 34-97% isolated yields. Chapter 6 is a distinct chapter in collaboration with Delic Laboratories, UBC and BAT, in which the light-induced degradation of CBD solutions was investigated. CBD-hydroxyquinone was identified to undergo a light-induced photo-isomerisation to form a previously unidentified cannabinoid intermediate. Both experimental and computation studies identified this intermediate reacts rapidly with oxygen to form a multitude of products in solution.
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CAS No. : | 1112-67-0 |
Formula : | C16H36ClN |
M.W : | 277.92 |
SMILES Code : | CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC.[Cl-] |
MDL No. : | MFCD00011635 |
InChI Key : | NHGXDBSUJJNIRV-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
Pubchem ID : | 70681 |
GHS Pictogram: |
![]() |
Signal Word: | Warning |
Hazard Statements: | H315-H319 |
Precautionary Statements: | P305+P351+P338 |
Num. heavy atoms | 18 |
Num. arom. heavy atoms | 0 |
Fraction Csp3 | 1.0 |
Num. rotatable bonds | 12 |
Num. H-bond acceptors | 0.0 |
Num. H-bond donors | 0.0 |
Molar Refractivity | 87.25 |
TPSA ? Topological Polar Surface Area: Calculated from |
0.0 ?2 |
Log Po/w (iLOGP)? iLOGP: in-house physics-based method implemented from |
-1.48 |
Log Po/w (XLOGP3)? XLOGP3: Atomistic and knowledge-based method calculated by |
1.45 |
Log Po/w (WLOGP)? WLOGP: Atomistic method implemented from |
2.01 |
Log Po/w (MLOGP)? MLOGP: Topological method implemented from |
1.01 |
Log Po/w (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Hybrid fragmental/topological method calculated by |
4.71 |
Consensus Log Po/w? Consensus Log Po/w: Average of all five predictions |
1.54 |
Log S (ESOL):? ESOL: Topological method implemented from |
-1.68 |
Solubility | 5.75 mg/ml ; 0.0207 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Very soluble |
Log S (Ali)? Ali: Topological method implemented from |
-1.06 |
Solubility | 24.4 mg/ml ; 0.0879 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Very soluble |
Log S (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Fragmental method calculated by |
-6.35 |
Solubility | 0.000125 mg/ml ; 0.000000449 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Poorly soluble |
GI absorption? Gatrointestinal absorption: according to the white of the BOILED-Egg |
Low |
BBB permeant? BBB permeation: according to the yolk of the BOILED-Egg |
No |
P-gp substrate? P-glycoprotein substrate: SVM model built on 1033 molecules (training set) |
Yes |
CYP1A2 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9145 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2C19 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9272 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2C9 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor: SVM model built on 5940 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP2D6 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor: SVM model built on 3664 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP3A4 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor: SVM model built on 7518 molecules (training set) |
No |
Log Kp (skin permeation)? Skin permeation: QSPR model implemented from |
-6.97 cm/s |
Lipinski? Lipinski (Pfizer) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Ghose? Ghose filter: implemented from |
None |
Veber? Veber (GSK) filter: implemented from |
1.0 |
Egan? Egan (Pharmacia) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Muegge? Muegge (Bayer) filter: implemented from |
1.0 |
Bioavailability Score? Abbott Bioavailability Score: Probability of F > 10% in rat |
0.55 |
PAINS? Pan Assay Interference Structures: implemented from |
0.0 alert |
Brenk? Structural Alert: implemented from |
1.0 alert: heavy_metal |
Leadlikeness? Leadlikeness: implemented from |
No; 1 violation:MW<1.0 |
Synthetic accessibility? Synthetic accessibility score: from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very difficult) |
1.82 |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
55% | With sodium hydrogencarbonate;palladium diacetate; In dichloromethane; N,N-dimethyl-formamide; | Example 67A 4-{2-[(E)-2-methoxyethenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl}benzonitrile A solution of Example 1A (0.20 g, 0.623 mmol), 1-methoxybutadiene (0.18 g, 2.18 mmol), palladium diacetate (0.007 g, 0.031 mmol), sodium bicarbonate (0.261 g, 3.11 mmol) and tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (0.173 g, 0.623 mmol) was heated at 60 C. in DMF (3 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 36 hours. The reaction was cooled to 23 C., diluted with CH2Cl2 (50 mL), filtered through Celite. The solution was concentrated under reduce pressure and the residue was purified on silica using CH2Cl2 to give the titled compound (0.95 g, 55%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): 3.05 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 5.00 (m, 1H), 5.22 (m, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=14 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.65 (m, 4H); MS (DCI): 278 (M+H+), 295 (M+NH4+). |
55% | With sodium hydrogencarbonate;palladium diacetate; In dichloromethane; N,N-dimethyl-formamide; | EXAMPLE 67A 4-{2-[(E)-2-methoxyethenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl}benzonitrile A solution of Example 1A (0.20 g, 0.623 mmol), 1-methoxybutadiene (0.18 g, 2.18 mmol), palladium diacetate (0.007 g, 0.031 mmol), sodium bicarbonate (0.261 g, 3.11 mmol) and tetrabutyl ammonium chloride (0.173 g, 0.623 mmol) was heated at 60 C. in DMF (3 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen for 36 hours. The reaction was cooled to 23 C., diluted with CH2Cl2 (50 mL), filtered through Celite. The solution was concentrated under reduce pressure and the residue was purified on silica using CH2Cl2 to give the titled compound (0.95 g, 55%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): 3.05 (m, 1H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 3.60 (s, 3H), 5.00 (m, 1H), 5.22 (m, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=14 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.65 (m, 4H); MS (DCI): 278 (M+H+), 295 (M+NH4+). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; | Step (a) Preparation of 2-fluoro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetonitrile A mixture of 2-fluorophenylacetonitrile (10.0 g, 74.1 mmoles), 50% aqueous sodium hydroxide (5.2 g), sodium hydroxide (741 mg), tetra-n-butylammonium chloride (3.3 g), and 2-bromopropane (10.0 g, 81.5 mmoles) was stirred rapidly while heating from room temperature to 60-65. The temperature was increased to 90-95 and so maintained for 1.0 hour. After cooling, the mixture was partitioned between diethyl ether and water. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and the solvent evaporated. Chromatography of the residue over silica gel using 30% methylene chloride-hexane as eluent gave a compound (9.35 g) as a water-white oil which was characterized by NMR, as follows: 1 H NMR(CDCl3) d 7.51-7.00 (m, 4H), 3.99 (d, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.06 (d, 1H). |