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Usman Sabir ; Hafiz Muhammad Irfan ; Alamgeer , et al. Biomed. Pharmacother.,2022,150,112956. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112956 PubMed ID: 35447548
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Abstract: Western diet style (fast food), which includes fatty frozen junk food, lard, processed meats, whole-fat dairy foods, cream, mayonnaise, butter, snacks, and fructose, is a primary etiological determinant for developing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) worldwide. Here the primary focus is to see the impact of naturally identified essential oil on disease mechanisms developed in an animal model using the same ingredients. Currently, symptomatic therapies are recommended for the management of NASH due to non-availability of specific treatments. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the potential anti-NASH effect of nerolidol in a rat model fed with a purpose-built diet. The diet substantially induced insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and elevation of liver enzymes in the experimental animals. The levels of liver oxidative stress markers, nitrites (NO2–), serum pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and hepatic collagen were increased in disease control rats. Nerolidol oral treatment in ascending dose order of 250 and 500 mg/kg substantially reduced the steatosis (macrovesicular and microvesicular), degeneration of hepatocytes, and inflammatory cells infiltration. The amounts of circulatory TNF-α and tissue collagen were also reduced at 500 mg/kg dose of nerolidol, expressing its anti-fibrotic effect. The current study described the multiple-hit pathophysiology of NASH as enhanced steatosis, pro-inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress in rats, which resulted in the development of vicious insulin resistance. Nerolidol treatment significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and halted disease progression induced by a hypercaloric diet.
Keywords: Western diet ; Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ; Insulin resistance ; Inflammation ; Nerolidol
CAS No. : | 100-10-7 | MDL No. : | MFCD00003381 |
Formula : | C9H11NO | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | (COH)C6H4(N(CH3)2) | InChI Key : | BGNGWHSBYQYVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 149.19 | Pubchem ID : | 7479 |
Synonyms : |
4-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
|
Chemical Name : | 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde |
Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P501-P270-P264-P280-P302+P352-P337+P313-P305+P351+P338-P362+P364-P332+P313-P301+P312+P330 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H302-H315-H319 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
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p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (100-10-7) has been used in the preparation of Hoechst 34580 (CAS: 23555-00-2). Hoechst 34580 (HOE 34580) is a cell-permeable blue fluorescent dye employed for DNA and cell nucleus staining, and it exhibits potential as a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease.
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
68% | With acetic acid; In ethanol; at 80℃; for 0.166667h;Microwave irradiation; | General procedure: 2-(2-Arylidenehydrazino)-6-fluorobenzothiazoles 6a-r. General Procedure D. A mixture of compound 2 (0.0549 g, 0.0003 mol), the appropriate aromatic aldehyde (0.00033 mol) and glacial acetic acid (0.1 mL) in ethanol (5 mL) was heated under microwave (20 W) at 80 °C for 10 min. On cooling, the precipitated solid was collected by filtration, washed with water, dried and crystallized from the appropriate solvent to give the desired compounds 6a-r. |
In ethanol; at 70 - 80℃; for 3h; | General procedure: The mixture of <strong>[78364-55-3]6-fluoro-2-hydrazinylbenzo[d]thiazole</strong> (2) (0.01 mol) and benzalde-hyde/substituted benzaldehyde (0.01 mol) was reuxed in ethanol (15 ml) at 70?80 °C for 3 h. The separated product obtained was ltered off, washed withdistilled water and recrystallized from methanol to give the correspondinghydrazone. The product obtained was further dissolved in acetic acid (20 ml) atroom temperature followed by the addition of sodium acetate (0.5 g). Bromine(2 mmol) in acetic acid (10 ml) was added dropwise to the reuxing reactionmixture. After 1 h, the mixture was poured onto crushed ice (100 g). The precipitateobtained was ltered off and crystallized from ethanol-dimethylformamide (1:1) togive crystals of (3a?3t). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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General procedure: Ammonium salt 6 (1 equiv.) was suspended in dry THF (0.05 M) andstirred at 40 °C. t-BuOK (4 equiv.) was added and the mixture was stirred vigorously. After 10 minutes 2 equiv. of aldehyde 2 were added and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 40 °C. The reaction was then quenched by addition of a half-saturated NaCl solution. After phase separation, the aqueous phase was extracted three times with DCM and the combined organic phases were dried with Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. Purification by columnchromatography (gradient of heptanes and EtOAc) gave the corresponding epoxides in the reported yields as a mixture of diastereomers. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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95% | With chitosan; In neat (no solvent); at 75℃; for 0.0333333h;Microwave irradiation; Green chemistry; | General procedure: An equimolar mixture of <strong>[54396-44-0]2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline</strong> (0.351 g, 0.002 mol), corresponding aldehyde (0.002 mol), dimethyl phosphite (0.18 ml, 0.002 mol) and chitosan catalyst (10 molpercent) were taken in a reaction glass tube, degassed for 10 min and microwave irradiated at 180 W for 2 min at 60 °C. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (3:7) as solvent. After completion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water (2 x 15 ml) followed by brine (1 x 10 ml), dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The crude mass was purified by column chromatography on silicagel (100-200 mesh) by using a 7:3 mixture of ethyl acetate in hexane to afford the pure alpha-aminophosphonates. |