Biological functions and Mechanisms Tβ4 is one of the main actin regulatory molecules in the human body, with multiple biological functions, and plays an extremely important role in the physiological and pathological processes of tissue regeneration, remodeling, wound healing, maintenance of actin balance, tumor pathogenesis and metastasis, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and hair follicle development. 1. Actin regulatory factor Actin accounts for about 10% of the total protein in non-muscle cells and is an important component required for cell structure, cell movement and wound healing. Tβ4 in cells is sufficient to block all actin, and can be involved in regulating the polymerization and depolymerization of actin. Tβ4 can bind to actin monomer at a ratio of 1:1 to prevent the formation of F-actin polymerization. The binding of Tβ4 to actin is accompanied by the dissociation of binding water, and its C end binds to actin His-40, resulting in the change of the conformation of actin monomer. The Chemicalbook structure of the Tβ4 molecular junction contains an actin binding domain (LKKTET), which is the main electrostatic contact site. The N-terminal fragment of LKKTET can inhibit actin polymerization through steric hindration. When acted alone, Tβ4 can inhibit actin polymerization and nucleoside exchange on actin. This is in contrast to the effect of Profiling, another actin-binding protein, which can promote the exchange of ADP and ATP and accelerate the assembly of actin, and Tβ4 and Profiling can synergistically regulate the assembly of actin. Tβ4 regulates the conversion between G-actin and F-actin. In highly mobile blood cells, the concentration of Tβ4 has been reported to reach 300pmol, while the concentration required for Tβ4 to bind G-actin is less than 20pmol; When the concentration of Tβ4 increased, the depolymerization ability of F-actin decreased, which may be the reason that Tβ4 has the function of regulating the intracellular microfilament system.

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